1. Migration Push factor Pull factor Migration chains Drive away people
Attract people
Migration chains

2. Migration of Peoples Prehistoric Europe to the Americas
African diaspora
Europe to Asia & Oceania
Europe to Africa
Indian
Overseas Chinese

3. Prehistoric Migrations

4. European Migrants in 19th Century

5. African Diaspora

6. African-American migrations 1940-1950 (left) and 1980-1990 (below).

7. Migration Today 2002 = 175 million living outside country of birth
Characteristics
Many poor, uneducated, unskilled
Enterprising, working age looking for opportunity
Many also highly educated and skilled
Refugees
1951 Geneva convention
Asylum
Darfur Refugees, Sudan, 2004

8. World Refugee Population, 2002 Source: U. N
World Refugee Population, 2002 Source: U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

9. International Migration
Increased apprehension in receiving countries
“Compassion fatigue”
Immigrants are scapegoats when unemployment rises
Emigration
Importance of remittances
Mexico = 3rd largest source of foreign exchange

10. International Migration
Europe as a destination
16 million immigrants
7-10 percent of host country population
Problems = religion, education
Contributions = entrepreneurs
Migration of Asians
4-5 million work abroad
Remittances important
Loss to home communities

11. Migration to the US and Canada
Largest migration flow in world is to US
10% US population foreign born
Immigration quotas restrict immigration
Implications
Hispanics as proportion of US population
Canada
18.4 percent population foreign born
94 percent live in metro areas
Asian
Hispanic

12. Source of US Immigrants

13. Source of US Immigrants

14. Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998
Source: INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

15. Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

16. Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)
Male
Female
Age
Male
Female
Source: US Census Bureau, 2000.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

17. New Controversies Additional costs for public services?
Importing poverty?
Local costs of immigration
California
“Melting pot” or “cultural mosaic”?

18. Interregional Migrations
U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east complements increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

19. Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization
Developed Countries: suburbanization
automobiles and roads
‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

20. Intraregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
migration from rural areas
lack of jobs in countryside
lack of services in cities
Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list
Lagos, Nigeria
Mumbai, India
Mexico City, Mexico