1. Happy 28th Beyoncé Read for Wednesday: Mastering Chemistry
Chapter 4: sections 6-9
Mastering Chemistry
Assignment #1
Introduction to MasteringChemistry
Due Sunday 9/6/09 by 11:59 PM
Assignment #2
Chapter 3 #’s 4,6,7,29-32,36,38-40,42-48,107,108

2. Nomenclature Nomenclature list #2…
WRITE THE FOLLOWING DOWN AND LEARN THEM TODAY!!!!!!!
I AM NOT KIDDING!!!!!
phosphate = PO43-
sulfate = SO42-
nitrate = NO31-
chlorate = ClO31-

3. Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodic: Having or marked by repeating patterns
Table: An arrangement of words, numbers, or symbols, or combinations of them, as in parallel columns, to exhibit a set of facts or relations in a definite, compact, and comprehensive form
Elements: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

4. A few definitions… Main Group Elements: Groups 1 and 2 and 13 – 18

5. Main Group Elements

6. A few definitions… Main Group Elements: Transition Elements:
Groups 1 and 2 and 13 – 18
Groups A
Transition Elements:
Groups 3 – 12
Groups B

7. Transition Elements

8. Metals: 90 of the 114 elements are metals
Metals: 90 of the 114 elements are metals. They appear on the left side of the Periodic Table.
Some common properties of metals are:
Solid at room temperature
(except mercury which is a liquid)
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Lustrous on fresh surfaces
Malleable and ductile

9. Metals

10. Nonmetals: Appear on the right side of the. Periodic Table
Nonmetals: Appear on the right side of the Periodic Table. 17 elements are nonmetals.
Most are gases at room temperature
Five are solids (C, P, S, Se, I)
One is a liquid (Br).
Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

11. Non-Metals

12. Metalloids: Seven elements are metalloids.
Their properties are between those of metals and nonmetals.
Metalloids are semiconductors and are important to the electronics industry.

13. Metalloids

15. Groups of Elements Vertical columns are called groups
Group 1 = Alkali Metals

16. Alkali Metals

17. Groups of Elements Vertical columns are called groups
Group 1 = Alkali Metals
Group 2 = Alkaline Earth Metals

18. Alkaline Earth Metals

19. Groups of Elements Vertical columns are called groups
Group 1 = Alkali Metals
Group 2 = Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 17 = Halogens

20. Halogens

21. Groups of Elements Vertical columns are called groups
Group 1 = Alkali Metals
Group 2 = Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 17 = Halogens
Group 18 = Noble Gases

22. Noble Gases

23. Foiled again

25. The Atom REALLY early atomic theory… Modern Definition:
Democritus ~350 BC
Atomos - Greek meaning indivisible
Modern Definition:
Smallest piece that matter can be broken up into and still maintain the properties of an element

26. My Atom Broke Subatomic Particles Nucleus Protons – p+
Carry a single positive charge
Number of p+ = ATOMIC NUMBER

28. My Atom Broke Subatomic Particles Nucleus Protons – p+ Neutrons – no
Carry a single positive charge
Number of p+ = ATOMIC NUMBER
Neutrons – no
No charge
# can vary from atom to atom
Roughly the same size

29. My Atom Broke Subatomic Particles Outside the nucleus Electrons – e-
Carry a single negative charge
1/1900th the size of p+ and no
Responsible for most of the chemistry that ever happens

30. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms are NEUTRAL!!!!!
This means that they have zero charge
#p+ = #e-

31. Charge!!! e- = -1 p+ = 1 + 47 e- = -47 47 p+ = 47 +
47 e- =
-47
47 p+ = 47 +
When #p+ = #e-, the atom has no charge and is neutral

32. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms are NEUTRAL!!!!!
This means that they have zero charge
#p+ = #e-
Atoms can gain or lose e- to form IONS
ANY charged particle is called an ion
Losing e- gives POSITIVELY charge

33. Charge!!!
When an atom LOSES electrons
10 e- =
11 e- =
-10
11 p+ = 11 + +1

34. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms are NEUTRAL!!!!!
This means that they have zero charge
#p+ = #e-
Atoms can gain or lose e- to form IONS
ANY charged particle is called an ion
Losing e- gives POSITIVELY charge
Called cations
Usually formed from metals
Gaining e- gives a NEGATIVELY charged ion

35. Charge!!! 10 e- = 11 e- = -10 11 p+ = + 11 +1 16 e- = 18 e- = -18
When an atom LOSES electrons
10 e- =
11 e- =
-10
11 p+ = + 11 +1
16 e- =
18 e- =
-18
When an atom GAINS electrons
16 p+ = 16 + -2

36. Atoms vs. Ions Atoms are NEUTRAL!!!!!
This means that they have zero charge
#p+ = #e-
Atoms can gain or lose e- to form IONS
ANY charged particle is called an ion
Losing e- gives POSITIVELY charge
Called cations
Usually formed from metals
Gaining e- gives a NEGATIVELY charged ion
Called anions
Usually formed from non-metals