1. Europe Faces Revolution
Nationalism Challenges Conservative Power

2. Greece Greeks- 1st to win self-rule
Former part of Ottoman Empire (which was crumbling at this time, but not fully until 1918)
Cause of Greek independence was popular throughout Europe
Major powers such as Britain/Russia/France recognize an independent Greece in 1830.

3. 1848 Revolutions There were ethnic uprisings in:
France
Prussia (Germany, Austria)
Italy
Greece
Poland
Hungary
But revolutionaries failed to unite the nations, so they actually took a step backwards.

4. Russia 1800’s still under feudalism- no industrialization
Due to old ways, Russia was falling behind other European countries
Alexander II- freed serfs, 1861
Nationalism encouraged
industrialism, and also ethic
groups wanting their own nations.

5. Old Empires Fall
Austria- lost the Austro-Prussian war in 1866; split Austria and Hungary into independent states= Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russia- Russification- forced culture on all ethic groups
Ottoman- Turks felt
superior to other ethnic
groups; genocide against
Armenians ; 1915

6. France 1830- King wants absolute power Revolt of people
Liberal King replaces old one
A Paris mob overthrows gov’t
replaces it with a representative government- it falls apart
Call for a president
Louis-Napoleon III elected
president- Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Four years later- becomes emperor
Good leader

7. Italy Camillo Cavour – Prime minister of Sardinia
Allied with Napoleon III, brought revolution and unity in N. Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi – unified S. Italy
Cavour invaded Papal states, so S. voted to unite w/Cavour and N. Italy
National unification of Italy,
but still culturally, economically
divided
Capital = Rome

8. Germany
German Confederation – loose union of German states; Prussia – largest; Austria – head of confederation
Otto von Bismarck- Prussia’s
Prime Minister
Realpolitik – seek advantage for
nation-state by any means,
including war and breaking
treaties
Wanted to go to war to unify
Germany under Prussian rule

9. Wars of Unification 7 Weeks War – Bismarck & Prussia against Austria.
Treaty ending the war set up a united Germany under Prussian control

10. Wars of Unification (cont.)
Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III declared war on Prussia.
Southern German states (not yet united w/the rest of Germany) sided w/Prussia because disliked France. Defeated France and all German states now unified
Following Franco-Prussian War all German States unified.
Germany now an Empire w/Kaiser William I emperor

11. Bismarck
Made laws against Catholics, only served to strengthen Catholic influence in Germany
Strengthened Industry
Tried to crush opposition parties
Bismarck’s policies left Germany strong, but w/o parliamentary democracy. When William I died, his son succeeded him (William II) and dismissed Bismarck (1890)

12. Results Balance of Power- Undone
Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia no longer equal
Britain and Prussia = strongest
France = middle
Austria and Russia = weak

13. Exit Slip
1. Which aging empires suffered from the forces of nationalism?
2. What advantages did Prussia have in leading the German states to unity?
3. How can nationalism be both a unifying and a disunifying force?