1. American Imperialism

2. Imperialism in America - Timeline
Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny – to expand from “sea to shining sea.”
Western Frontier: Indian wars, the Mexican War and the Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism.
Pacific Ocean:
Americans took control of Hawaii in late 1880’s.
In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry opened up trade with Japan by threatening military action
Fought a war with Spain in Acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War)

3. Japanese Imperialism

4. Background: Japan
Tokugawa family ruled Japan from 1603 until 1868 – also known as the Edo period
1635 – foreign trade limited to China, Korea, and Netherlands at Nagasaki a few times per year – Japan practiced isolationism
Emperor Mikado ruled in name only, the actual power held by the shogun

5. Shogun (military governor) Peasants, Merchants, etc.
Japanese Feudalism
Samurai – lived by Bushido, the “way of the warrior” (chivalric code)
Ronin – those samurai without masters
Shogun (military governor)
Ninja – a warrior trained to use unorthodox fighting methods (assassination, espionage, martial arts)
Daimyo/Lords
Samurai
Peasants, Merchants, etc.

6. Japanese Culture and Economy
Religion
Mix of native Shintoism (living spirits in all things) and Chinese Confucianism (based on the teachings of Confucius)
“Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in getting up every time we do.”
Economy
Growing internal trade during the Edo period
Merchants began to surpass the samurai in wealth
Rigid social stratification
Strict social classes were being tested by the end of the Tokugawa shogunate

7. End of Japanese Isolation - 1854
The Treaty of Kanagawa
In Tokyo, Commodore Matthew Perry, representing the U.S. government, signs this treaty with Japan
opens Japanese ports to American trade
permitted the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan
opened Japan to trade with the United States, and thus the West

8. Japanese Reaction Pros Cons
Acquiring Western knowledge became very popular among many doctors, scholars, and scientists
Western knowledge went against many traditional Japanese beliefs
Japanese entrepreneurs, merchants, and industrialists profited from increased trade
Traditional holders of prestige and power (daimyos and samurai) did not tend to profit from increased trade
Resentment
Extraterritorial rights of Americans and Europeans
Anti-foreign uprisings ( )
Japanese ports in turn bombarded by foreign ships
Solution
“If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”
Japanese could benefit from knowledge of what happened to China
Japanese felt that they would be in a better position to renegotiate the trade treaties, and be less likely to be imposed upon, if they adopted Western ways (democracy, imperialism, industrialization, militarization, and modernization) – westernization

9. Consequence of Westernization
Meiji Restoration
Shogun forced to relinquish power
Power officially in hands of Emperor Mutsuhito
His reign was called the “Enlightened Rule”
Japan westernized

10. The Emperor Is “Restored” to Power MEIJI  “Enlightened Rule”

11. Newspaper Cartoon, 1870s?
Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened

12. The Japanese Became Obsessed with Western Styles
Civilization and Enlightenment!

13. Everything Western Was Fashionable!

14. The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dress
Emperor Meiji Empress Haruko ( )

15. Meiji Era: Governmental Reforms
Diet – Japan’s bicameral (2 branches) legislature
First convened – 1889
Meiji (Imperial) Constitution
Adopted – 1890
Followed until the end of World War II

16. Meiji Era: Economic Reforms
Abolition of feudalism
Currency (yen) adopted, 1872
Encouragement of foreign trade
Expansion and encouragement of industrialization
Growth of factories
First large factories manufactured textiles
First textile factory workers were girls and women

17. Meiji Era: Military Reforms
Before the Meiji era: Armies were run by local daimyo (lords) and thus not obedient to a central government
Modern army and navy established which were loyal to the Japanese government
Used Prussia (Germany) as primary model
Firm belief that if Japan was to be taken seriously by Western powers, and was to avoid China’s fate, Japan would have to compete militarily
Conscription (1873) – all men had to serve for three years after turning twenty-one

18. Meiji Era: Social Reforms
Compulsory (mandatory) elementary education
Universities established
Westernization of
many laws
Tokyo University

19. Meiji Era: Social Changes
Adoption of Western architecture, fashions, music, and literary styles (magazines and novels)
Diversity of intellectual and political thought
Growing independence and empowerment of women
Movement of peasants from countryside to factories

20. Imperialization of Japan
Why?
Lack of fertile land for agriculture
Need markets for finished products
Need for the raw materials of industry
Population growth
Response to Western imperialism

21. Japanese Imperialism: “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”
First Sino-Japanese War ( )
Sino- China
Gained:
Formosa (Taiwan)
Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon forced to relinquish it
Sphere of influence in Korea
Sphere of Influence- When a powerful country has economic/political influence over an area. (Not TOTAL control)

22. Japanese Imperialism: “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”
Russo-Japanese War ( )
Destroyed Russian naval fleet
Finally respected as a world power
Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace Prize
Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin Island and a large sphere of influence in Manchuria

23. President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the Peace
The Treaty of Portsmouth, NH ended the Russo-Japanese War.

24. Japanese Imperialism: “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em”
Ignored international treaties – built up navy
Marco Polo Bridge Incident – July, 1937
Minor dispute between Chinese and Japanese troops
Neither side would back down
Started the Second Sino-Japanese War (during WWII)
U.S. reaction
Americans boycotted Japanese goods
American companies continued to sell Japan cotton, oil, and scrap metal

25. But, Japanese Power Would Grow . . .

26. Japanese Sphere of Influence

27. BRITISH IMPERIALISM

28. British Imperialism in India
Positives
Established order
built roads, schools,
bridges, railroads, factories, and hospitals
introduced new farming methods
Negatives
Racism
Discrimination
Segregation

29. British in India
British East India company controlled much of India using sepoys.
Sepoys – Native Hindu or Muslim mercenary private police
Crops:
opium poppies for sale in China
cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empire
Cotton textile making outlawed in India
India was so profitable, it was called the “Jewel in the Crown.”

30. Imperialism and Empire - India
The Sepoy Rebellion allowed British soldiers to invade and control all of India
The British established control of India and its neighbors by 1914.
The British also controlled Australia, New Zealand and much of the far east.
The worlds’ biggest empire!

31. Work Cited www4.alief.isd.tenet.edu
mrhamlett.net/Imperialism_Asia.pdf