1. Public sector Accountability: Being Accountable and Holding Accountable

2. Learning Objectives
By the end of the topic participants will be able to:
Define accountability,
Explain the characteristics of the supply and demand sides of accountability,
Explain the tools of holding and being accountable

3. Linking Integrity and Accountability( A E ) -
Enabling stakeholders to check that we do what we say we do.
Accountability:

4. What is Accountability?
Accountability refers to the process of holding actors responsible for their actions which focuses on ‘answerability’
Two different forms of accountability-
Soft: usually formal processes in which actions are held up to specific standards
Hard: more rigorous minimum standard, including sanctions and/or remedies for wrongdoing (Fox 2007).

5. Video Case Willing DEO can make difference (Gyan Mani Nepal)
What factors made him think and act differently to others?
What he did to make others accountable?

6. Accountability Tools (Few)
Public Hearing
Participatory Planning
Social Audit
Civic Education
Public expenditure tracking system, etc.

7. Accountability: Demand & Supply, and Horizontal & Vertical

8. Demand and Supply of Public Services
Intermediary
CBOs
Media
Private sector
I/NGOs
Political parties
Civil society
Supply side
State
(Central and Local)
Demand Side
Citizen

9. Demand and Supply of Public Services
Intermediary
CBOs
Media
Private sector
I/NGOs
Political parties
Civil society
Supply side
State
(Central and Local)
Demand Side
Citizen

10. Horizontal and Vertical Accountability
Executive
Civil service/public sector
Legislature
Oversight Institutions
Citizens
Diagonal
Vertical

11. Social Contract
There is always agreement (may not be written) between the state and society (people) for mutual protection and welfare
Eg. People agree to pay tax in return of public services from the state

12. Social Contract and Accountability Framework
Institution (Structure and system)
Collective
(Society, Excluded, Community of Practice)
Individual (Service Provider)
Accountability
Mechanism
Improved public service delivery

13. Bridging the Gaps How do we bridge the gap between demand and supply?
Accountability mechanisms and tools - constructive engagement between actors
Build civil service capacity
Revisit and restructure institutional arranges that hinder effective and efficient service delivery
Empower and promote awareness among people for creating demands

14. What Makes Public Institutions Accountable?
Be Accountable
Rules & regulations of the state
Standardization of services
Self realization to the ‘social contract’
Capacity building of public institutions
Transparent work culture
Capacity building of oversight agencies
Regular feedback
Hold Accountable
Making citizens aware to service standard
Access to information
Empowering citizens
Civic engagement and citizen oversight
Regular feedback
Citizen’s voice and accountability mechanism

15. Thank You