1. By Group 1 Xiujuan Wang & Dairu He
Public Opinion and Political Beliefs (chapter 5) Political Participation ( Chapter 6)
By Group 1
Xiujuan Wang & Dairu He

2. The Problem of Defining Public Opinion
Public Opinion: How people think or feel about particular things.
Public opinion is very difficult to assess because the public is often uniformed about what the government is doing but it is also quite capable of changing its mind.
Large and random sample is correlated with accuracy.

3. Sources of Political Attitudes
Political Socialization: Process by which background traits influence one's political views.
Political attitudes are derived from many sources, among them family, religion, gender,and education.
Family: The majority of young people identify with their parents' political party.
Gender also has impact on political attitudes. Men have become increasingly Republican while women were mainly Democrat.

4. Cleavages In Public Opinion
Political Cleavages: A split in public opinion based on a demographic factor.
Social class, race and ethnicity, and region create cleavages in public opinion.
Social class: Unskilled workers are more likely than affluent white-collar workers to be Democrats and have liberal views on economic policy.
Race and ethnicity : African Americans are overwhelmingly Democrats, while whites are more likely to be Republicans. Latinos generally identify themselves as Democrats and Asian American generally identify themselves as Republicans.
Region: The most significant regional cleavage in American politics has been between southern and northern voters. (The South has traditionally been more accommodating to business enterprise, and the Northeast supports labor unions.)

5. Political Ideology
Political ideology: a consistent set of beliefs refer to people as liberals or conservatives.
Liberal: someone who supported an active national government that would intervene in the economy and create social welfare programs.
Conservative: someone who supported a free market rather than a regulated one, states’ rights over national supremacy, and greater reliance on individual choice in economic affairs.

6. Political Elites And Public Opinion
Political Elite: Persons with a disproportionate share of political power.
Political elites have great influence on American public opinion.The political elite is to espouse a purely liberal or purely conservative ideology. It is made up of those who have a disproportional amount of power in policy-making.
The political elite has more access to the media.
The elites can wield great power but they do not have unlimited influence in government. The public needs to discriminate between public opinion and the opinions of the elites.

7. Chapter 6 The American Electorate
The constitution gives Congress the right to alter state regulations regarding congressional elections.
The Fifteen Amendment stated that the right to vote would not be denied to any “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
The Nineteen Amendment provided most women with their first opportunity to vote.
The Twenty-sixth Amendment gave suffrage to eighteen-year-olds.

8. Voter Turnout
One view is that a popular decline in interest elections and a weakening of the competitiveness of the two major parties have occurred.
Another view is that the perceived decline in turnout is misleading.

9. Participation
The more education one has, the more likely he or she is to participate.
Older people tend to vote and participate more than younger people do.
Activists: People who are highly educated, have high incomes. And tend to be middle-aged. They participate in all forms of politics.

10. Video Clip : The 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: A History