1. DNA, RNA, & Proteins
Chapter 13

2. DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics. In other words, it contains our genes.

3. The History of DNA 3 major experiments lead to the conclusion that DNA is the genetic material in cells. These experiments were performed by Griffith, Avery, Hershey, and Chase.

4. Griffith – Experimented on mice and observed some harmless strains of bacteria could change into harmful strains. He called this transformation. His study led to the conclusion that genetic material could be transferred between cells. Transformation- a change in genotype that is caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.

6. Avery – wanted to determine if the transforming agent in Griffith’s experiments was protein, DNA, or RNA. Discovered that DNA is the nucleic acid that is responsible for transformation. He did this by using enzymes to destroy each agent (one at a time) and observing if R cells were transformed into S cells.

7. Hershey-Chase experiment
Studied bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacterial cells & cause the cells to produce viruses)
Found that the genetic material of viruses was DNA, not proteins

8. DNA Structure
DNA is a relatively simple molecule that is composed of a 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and 4 different subunits known as nitrogenous bases: -Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Thymine (T) -Cytosine (C)

9. Gene- a segment of DNA that is located in a chromosome and that codes for a specific hereditary trait.

11. Chargaff’s Rules for base pairing
Adenine always binds to Thymine A---T
Guanine always binds to Cytosine G---C
When two nitrogenous bases are bound together, they are known as a base pair.
These paired bases are called complimentary because they fit together like puzzle pieces.

12. Purine- a nitrogenous base that has a double ring structure (A & G) Pyrimidine-a nitrogenous base that has a single ring structure (T & C)

13. Watson & Crick
Built the first 3-D model of DNA using the information from Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin (x-rayed a DNA molecule), & their own knowledge of chemical bonding.
Watson & Crick won a Nobel prize for their discovery.

15. DNA Replication
Proteins called helicases separate the 2 original DNA strands
Complimentary nucleotides (A, T, G, C) are added to each strand by DNA polymerase
Two DNA molecules are formed that are identical to the original DNA molecule

18. DNA replication- the process of making a copy of DNA DNA helicase- an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication DNA polymerase- an enzyme that catalyzes (speeds up) the formation of the DNA molecule

19. DNA replication in prokaryotes (binary fission)
Original Site of Replication Fork
Each of the Two Strands of DNA separate from each other and synthesis of a complementary strand on each parental strand begins
Loop of DNA Extending Out of The Plane of the Parental Bacterial Chromosome
Rotation Around Axis

20. BR - Copy the diagram and the question. Then, answer the question
BR - Copy the diagram and the question. Then, answer the question. Which sequence of bases do the question marks represent? SWP – trans-? EQ – Why is RNA needed to make proteins?
C C T A T G ? ? ?
G G A T A C C T G

21. DNA Replication Practice
TTG GAG CGT GCT
GCA CAT TTA CGA
AAC GGC CTG CAG

22. RNA
Ribonucleic acid

23. RNA- a nucleic acid that is essential in taking the genetic information from DNA and building proteins 3 types: messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

24. mRNA
When DNA is transcribed into RNA, mRNA is the type of RNA made. mRNA is complementary to the DNA sequence of a gene. The mRNA carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and delivers them to the site of translation.

25. tRNA
During translation, tRNA “reads” the mRNA sequence (codons) and builds amino acids from those codes

26. rRNA
ribosomal RNA- RNA component of ribosomes. Provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids & interacts with tRNA during translation.

27. RNA Stucture: -a single strand version of DNA -contains 4 nitrogenous bases (A,U,C,G) -Uracil instead of Thymine -A binds to U -G binds to C

28. Differences in RNA & DNA RNA- Single stranded sugar is ribose uracil instead of thymine located in the nucleus & cytoplasm DNA- double stranded sugar is deoxyribose thymine instead of uracil located in the nucleus

30. Transcription- the information in a specific region of DNA (a gene) is copied into mRNA 3 steps:

31. 1. Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to a DNA sequence in the gene known as the promoter (the start point)

32. 2. Elongation- The two DNA strands unwind and separate, exposing the bases. Complementary RNA nucleotides are added by RNA polymerase, growing a strand of mRNA.

33. 3. Termination- The RNA polymerase eventually reaches a ‘stop’ code at the end of a set of genes. The mRNA strand is released from the template and the DNA strands close up and reform the double helix.

34. The mRNA made in transcription leaves the nucleus and takes its sequence to the ribosome for protein synthesis (translation).

35. Translation
Step 1: Initiation: mRNA is inserted into the small subunit of a ribosome (at the 5l end). When the RNA encounters the start sequence (AUG) , an initiator tRNA binds to the ribosome.

36. Step 2: Elongation- tRNA reads the codons (3 nucleotide sequence that codes for amino acids), binding anticodons to the mRNA strand & linking amino acids together.

37. Step 3: Termination- The end of translation occurs when the ribosome reaches a STOP codon (UAA, UAG, UGA). There are not any anticodons for the STOP codons. The long chain of amino acids (a polypeptide) is then released from the ribosome.

40. The Genetic Code: 3-letter words
Codon-3 nucleotide sequence (ex: AUC)
Codon is found on the mRNA
Anticodon- 3 nucleotide sequence complementary to mRNA codon (ex: UAG)
Found on the tRNA
Genetic Code- made of nucleic acids, based on codons that represent a specific amino acid.
Waste not…..Want not
Several proteins can be made from the same amino acid.

42. Practice DNA → ATG CTG GAC TGA GTA TGA mRNA → tRNA → AA → (protein)
DNA → CAG GCT ATC GAG CGC TTG