1. Communication Transferring information from one person to another. Communication is used to instruct, clarify interpret, notify, warn, receive feedback, review and inform.

2. Effective communication is necessary so that: Staff are aware of their jobs and expectations Managers can gather feedback from employees, customers and stakeholders.

3. Internal communication is inside a company External communication is outside of a company.

4. Oral/Verbal communication Evolves talking to one another

5. Examples of verbal communication Giving instructions Discussing a problem Meetings Interviews Appraisals Presentations Talking

6. Advantages Questions can be asked Questions can be answered No cost Judge speakers communication skill Judge facial reactions

7. Disadvantages Information may not be true. (no record) Hard to pass confidential messages Meetings interviews take time

8. Written communication Information that is given in written form One disadvantage is that it takes a lot of storage space and can be slow to pass on information.

9. Business letters have a certain style that needs to be followed. They provided a hard copy to prove information was passed Letters are used internally and externally

10. Memorandum is a note sent from one person to another. Used internally Usually short and quick

11. Reports are formal written communication that give information on a subject Reports tend to have Title page saying who wrote the report and what is about Executive summary Contents page Introduction Information Conclusions and recommendations List of references

12. Notices Information that needs to reach many people in a business.

13. Executive summary Condensed version of a report Give the information to people in a quick way. Executive summaries tell Purpose of report Methodology Results Conclusions and recommendations

14. Abstracts Give information only in a short way but do not give recommendations.

15. Research proposals Tells what the author plans to investigate and how he/she will do it.

16. Visual communication advantages Easily understood Communicate better than words Cheaper to produce Help visual learners My have longer effect

17. Body language Non verbal communication using expressions and hands and posture.

18. Channel of communication is how the information is passed on.

19. Informal communication Groups form inside of a business and they tend to pass information also known as gossip Grapevine communication is passed along from groups of workers.

20. Many managers will look at informal communication as a real problem inside an organization.

21. Informal communication can have benefits People feel they belong to a group can be more comfortable at a job Workers may trust co-workers more than their managers People can come up with different ideas when talking in an informal meeting than in a formal one.

22. Formal communication Official communication between employees. Is almost always work related

23. Information communication technology Email – very large amounts of information can be sent for no money Set up costs can be a real factor because computers and networks are expensive

24. Fax – electronically send information from one place to another using phone lines. Less popular because of email Video- conferencing – better version of webcams. Popular for interviews of far off workers. Expensive to set up.

25. Telephones Cell/mobile phones Traditional telephones are still used a lot in offices. Quick easy way to find information. Cell/mobile phones – increase in popularity every year. Extremely popular with sales people and others who are constantly moving.

26. One problem with communication technology is that when electronics fail it can bring business to a hault.

27. Factors influencing the choice of communication method Personal preferences Organizational structure Security issues Skills and training Ease of use Size of business Storage issues Location Urgency Cost

28. Barriers to effective communication High costs Technological breakdowns Language – Accents Jargon – technical language Cultures Attitude Geographical location Internal politics Poor presentation skills Negative body language Psychological barriers

29. Poor communication can cause Low morale Errors and double working will rise Lower productivity Lack of control Delayering is used to help with the break down of communication

30. Many businesses need to take advantage of multi language employees.

31. Communication is crucial to an organizations success. Unless managers can let the employees know what needs to be done then the company will not improve.

32. Reasons to improve communication systems in an organization are Improved speed and access of communication Greater potential for communication to more people. Improved productivity

33. Disadvantages of new communication systems Cost Security Need to manage change

34. One issue that managers have to watch is that employees are not overloaded with information.

35. Albert Mehrabian says that communication is achieved by Page 243 Visual linking – facial expressions and body language 55% Vocal liking – tone of voice 38% Verbal liking – 7% understanding by the words

36. This theory suggests that the way something is said is more important than what is said.

37. More and more in businesses today managers are using communication to learn from their staff.