1. FERTILITY
Dr. K. Sivapalan.
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2. Fertility Actual bearing of children- natality
Woman's reproductive period is 15 to 49 years
Risk of pregnancy is for 35 years.
May give birth to 15 children.
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3. Factors that affect fertility
Age at marriage- postponing from 16 to 21 reduces birth by percent.
Duration of married life- 25 percent of births within 5 years and 50 percent between 5 to 15 years of marriage. Almost no birth after 25 years
Spacing of children
Education of mother- inversely proportional
Economic status- inverse relationship. [considered as best contraceptive method]
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4. Factors that affect fertility
Cast and religion- Muslims have higher fertility than Hindus. Christians lowest. Lower cast higher fertility.
Nutrition- inverse relationship. [? The effect is indirect ]
Family planning
Physical
Biological
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5. Social and Cultural Factors That Affect Fertility
place of woman in society
widow marriage
breast feeding
Customs and beliefs
industrialization and urbanization
health conditions
housing
opportunities for woman
local community involvement.
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6. Fertility Rates
Birth Rate- The number of live births per 1000 estimated mid year population in a given year. This is unsatisfactory because the total population is not exposed to childbearing.
General fertility rate [GFR]- Number of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age group [15 to 49] in a given year.
General marital fertility rate[ GMFR]- Number of live births per 1000 married women in the reproductive age group [15 to 49] in a given year.
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7. Fertility Rates
Age specific fertility rate- Number of live births in a year to 1000 woman in a specific age group. This can throw light on fertility pattern and effectiveness of fertility control measures.
Age specific marital fertility rate- Number of live births in a year to 1000 married woman in a specific age group.
Total fertility rate- It is computed by summing up the age specific fertility rates. This gives the approximate magnitude of 'completed family size‘
Total marital fertility rate- Average number of children that would be born to a married woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span.
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8. Fertility Rates
Gross Reproduction Rate [GPR]- Average number of girls that would be born to a woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span.
Net Reproduction Rate [NRR]- It is the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age-specific fertility and mortality rates.
It is demographic indicator. A value of 1 is equivalent to 2 child norm.
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9. Other Rates
Pregnancy rate- Number of pregnancies in a year to married woman in the ages of years, including live births, still births and abortions and not terminated in the year.
Abortion rate- Number of all type of abortions per 1000 women of child bearing age
Abortion ratio- Abortions in a year divided by the number of live births in the year.
Marriage rate- number of marriages in the year per 1000 population
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