1. The Mughal and Ottoman Empires

2. Middle East

3. The Middle East: 1450-1650 Known as the “age of gunpowder empires”
Mughals ruled India
Ottomans in modern-day Turkey
All had cannons, gunpowder, and muskets, reducing the need for ordinary foot soldiers

4. The Pre-Mughal Empire Hindu and Buddhist princes controlled India
Huge trade network with Middle East, Southeast Asia and China
Along the ___________________?

5. Sultans Defeat Hindu’s
Sultan = Muslim ruler
Late 1100’s – 1526 =
Muslim Rule
Why did the Muslims win?
Hindu’s rode slow-moving
elephants (easy target)
Hindu princes wasted $
fighting each other
Lower Castes converted to Islam

6. Muslim & Hindu Clash Hinduism Ancient polytheistic caste system
Buddhism declines due to Muslim destruction
Hinduism
Ancient
polytheistic
caste system
celebrated religious occasions w/ music and dance
Muslim
New
monotheistic
equality of all/no hierarchy
no celebration of events

7. Sultans Grew tolerant of Hindu subjects
Could practice with the payment of a Poll Tax
Merchants converted to Islam because it expanded their trade network

8. Akbar the Great Babur (1483-1530) founds empire in 1526-1857
First Mughal emperor
Babur’s grandson, Akbar ( ) takes control
Established strong central government
Muslim
Supported Hindu
Allowed them to hold government office
Ended tax to non-Muslims
Married a Hindu

9. Shah Jahan Shah Jahan (1592-1666) Akbar’s grandson
High point in Mughal’s history (made lots of $)
Married Mumtaz Mahal
Built a tomb for her
The Taj Mahal

10. Taj Mahal

11. Timeline
Babur
Hamayun
Akbar the Great
Emperor Jahangir
Shah Jahan

12. Rule of Akbar and Shah Jahan

13. Downfall of Mughal Empire
Successors are not as tolerant of Hindu’s
Heavy tax = economic hardships = Hindu revolts
European traders take advantage of the weakened Empire

14. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Original Location: Asia Minor

15. Constantinople Falls to the Ottomans
Byzantine Empire controlled Constantinople
Mehmet II (Ottoman) captures
Renames capital Istanbul
Animaniacs – Istanbul not Constantinople

16. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Original Location: Asia Minor

17. The Ottoman Economy TRADE, TRADE, TRADE!!!
Products: Coffee and Ceramics (produced in the empire), items from India & China

18. Ottoman Culture Class System
“Men of the Sword” – Soldiers, Janizaries
“Men of the Pen” – scientists, lawyers, poets
“Men of Negotiation” – merchants, tax collectors, artisans
“Men of Husbandry” – farmers, herders, food producers
Ottoman Culture Class System

19. What are Janizaries?
Young Christian boys were sent to the palace for government service
Converted to Islam
Religious military training
Best soldiers won title of Janizaries
Were able to serve the Muslim government

20. Ottoman Religion
Islamic religion was used to unify the areas that were conquered
These areas are typically still Muslim today.

21. Suleiman the Magnificent

22. Decline of the Ottomans
Suleiman died in 1556
Killed his most able son
Successors were weak
European countries saw this as an opportunity to take land

23. The Decline of the Ottoman Empire

24. Review Questions
What are the differences between the Hindu and Muslim religions in the Mughal Empire?
What reason would merchants convert from their original religion to Islam?
What was the cause of the Mughal Empire collapse?
Why was the fall of Constantinople a powerful symbol?
How would you describe the location of the Ottoman Empire? Why is this location important?
What was the economy of the Ottomans based on?
What were social classes in the Ottoman Empire based on?
Who were the janissaries? What do they indicate about religion and the Ottoman Empire?