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Chapter 14- The Presidency Keep on Leadin’ in the Free World

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1 Chapter 14- The Presidency Keep on Leadin’ in the Free World

2 Objectives Sketch the evolution of the presidency from 1789 to present
Presidential powers List and describe the various offices that make up the office of the President. Enumerate and discuss the facets of presidential power

3 Evolution of the Presidency
Constitutional Convention Alternatives: Executive council with veto powers over presidential action President with life term Concerns Fear of an excessively strong President Fear over no term limits (no 22nd Amendment until 1951) Fear of weak President who would be tool of the senate “Make him too weak: the legislature will usurp his powers. Make him too strong: he will usurp the legislature.” - Gouverneur Morris

4 Evolution of the Presidency
Constitutional Convention Election of the President Congress elects Direct Election Too much power to large states Demagogue might appeal to masses Illiteracy was common Poor communication Electoral College Balance of power among states Small states overrepresented if election goes to House (Why is this?)

5 Evolution of the Presidency
The Early Presidents (Washington to Monroe) All but Adams served two terms Legitimacy of office secured - All were active in Independence movement and prominent politicians “Rule of fitness” - only well-respected and most qualified Modest powers

6 Evolution of the Presidency
Andrew Jackson and the Expansion of the President ( ) Spoils system 12 vetoes (more than predecessors combined) Ignored Supreme Court order on Indian Removal

7 Evolution of the Presidency
Congress Strikes Back Reestablished power after Jackson left office Flashes of Presidential Power (Lincoln during the Civil War; TR; Wilson) Viewed as an obstacle to Congress (ie Grover Cleveland’s 414 vetoes) Strong Personality or Crisis brought about Presidential power

8 Evolution of the Presidency
Emergence of the Presidency Crisis brings about increased presidential power WWII and increased powers Cold War necessitates presidential initiative and leadership 1970s Congress tried to reassert itself with limited results (we will explore this later in greater depth) VS.

9 Growth of Presidential Power
Why has Presidential Power increased? The Constitution hasn’t changed, but non-constitutional sources of power have arisen Unity of office Character and Personality Complexity of society Congress delegates authority to Executive Mass Media US as Superpower

10 Growth of Presidential Power
3 Rules of thumb for maximizing Presidential Power “Move it or lose it.” “Avoid Details” “Cabinets don’t get much done; people do.”

11 Overview of the Presidency
Constitutional Requirements Natural Born citizen (sorry Ah-nuld!) 35 years of age 14 year residency What are the “unwritten” requirements?

12 Overview of the Presidency
Presidential Character Barber’s characterization falls under two fields: 1. Active vs. Passive Positive vs. Negative Which combo would be the least effective? Why?

13 John Adams, W. Wilson, H. Hoover, A. Lincoln, L. B. Johnson, R. Nixon,
Positive Negative           Active             ADAPTIVE: self-confident; flexible; creates opportunities for action; enjoys the exercise of power, does not take himself too seriously; optimistic; emphasizes the "rational mastery" of his environment; power used as a means to achieve beneficial results. Thomas Jefferson,  F. D. Roosevelt,   H. Truman,   J. F. Kennedy,   G. Ford,  G. W. Bush(?) COMPULSIVE: power as a means to self-realization; expends great energy on tasks but derives little joy; preoccupied with whether he is failing or succeeding; low self-esteem; inclined to rigidity and pessimism; highly driven; problem managing aggression.    John Adams,  W. Wilson,  H. Hoover,   A. Lincoln,  L. B. Johnson,  R. Nixon,     Passive COMPLIANT: seek to be loved; easily manipulated; low self-esteem is overcome by ingratiating personality; reacts rather than initiates; superficially optimistic. James Madison,  W. H. Taft,   W. Harding,   R. Reagan, Bill Clinton WITHDRAWN: responds to a sense of duty; avoid power; low self-esteem compensated by service to others; responds rather than initiates; avoids conflict and uncertainty. emphasizes principles and procedures and an aversion to politicking. George Washington,  C. Coolidge,   D. Eisenhower  

14 Overview of the Presidency
Term: Four years Maximum of two elected terms Washington set the precedent 22nd Amendment (1951) due to Republican Congress’ concern over future FDRs. What is the maximum amount of time a person can serve as President?

15 Overview of the Presidency
Compensation: Set by Congress (cannot be raised or lowered during the President’s term) 2001- Raise from $200,000 to $400,000 “Perks” Serious chance to make some money after leaving office: Speaking fees Book deals (scandals help) Serve on Corporate Boards

16 Overview of the Presidency
Succession 25th Amendment (1967) VP succeeds President (death, resignation, impeachment and removal) VP nominates new VP and Congress confirms If both are unable to serve: Speaker; Pres Pro Tempore; Sec. Of State; Sec. Of Treasury; Sec of Defense; and other cabinet members in order of the creation of their offices.

17 Overview of the Presidency
Succession * The Vice President * Speaker of the House * President pro tempore of the Senate * Secretary of State * Secretary of the Treasury * Secretary of Defense * Attorney General * Secretary of the Interior * Secretary of Agriculture * Secretary of Commerce * Secretary of Labor * Secretary of Health and Human Services * Secretary of Housing and Urban Development * Secretary of Transportation * Secretary of Energy * Secretary of Education * Secretary of Veterans Affairs * Secretary of Homeland Security

18 Overview of the Presidency
Presidential Disability President informs Congress of disability and VP becomes ACTING PRESIDENT If Prez cannot inform Congress, VP and majority of cabinet secretaries can go to Congress Prez informs Congress of his intent to return. (Congress decides disputes)

19 Presidential Support Staff
Today, White House Staff alone is over 500 Staff may be in awe of president and avoid disagreeing with Prez. Staff can control who gets access to the Prez./ can isolate a president

20 Presidential Support Staff
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PREZ White House Office/ White House Staff OMB (Office of Management and Budget) prepares annual budget and reviews federal programs NSC (National Security Council) CEA (Council of Economic Advisors) Cabinet

21 Presidential Support Staff
White House Office Immediate staff of the President (close proximity to the Prez.) Rule of Propinquity: power is wielded by people in the room where decisions are made Jockey for influence Appointments usually do not require Senate approval Presidents seek people who will be loyal

22 Overview of the Presidency

23 Presidential Support Staff
Forms of Organization Circular Method (FDR): Prez is the hub and assistants are the spokes Allows more access but at the expense of efficiency (Prez if overwhelmed) Pyramid Method (Reagan): Assistants report through a hierarchy Presidents are more efficient but often kept in the dark.

24 Overview of the Presidency
PREZ Presidential Support Staff Forms of Organization Prez

25 Presidential Support Staff
Cabinet Heads of Cabinet Depts. (15) And 5 others who hold “cabinet rank”- OMB Director, CIA Director, WH Counselor, UN Ambassador, US trade Rep Appointed by Prez w/ Senate consent

26 Presidential Support Staff

27 Presidential Support Staff
Cabinet Cabinet’s role has not expanded: Divided loyalties of Cabinet members Conflicting goals of Prez and Cabinet Limited influence of Prez over Cabinet (90% of people w/in depts. are Civil Service employees.

28 Presidential Support Staff
Cabinet Officials constitutionally banned from holding Congressional office

29 Making the Presidency Safe and Effective
Checks that weaken the Prez: Traditional = Congress and Courts (United States v. Nixon) New ones: Congressional leaders Cabinet Bureaucrats Parties Interest groups Media Independent counsel Holds on nominees by Senate Divided Govt.

30 Making the Presidency Safe and Effective
Strengthening the President: Revitalize Political Parties Revise Constitutional Restraints 6 year term 2 or 3 person presidency Allow Prez to dissolve Congress Members of Congress in Exec. Branch No more split tickets Line-item veto was tried, but deemed unconstitutional in 1998

31 NOW WE CAN COMPARE: CONGRESS VS. THE PRESIDENT

32 Powers Compared President can check congress by: veto
Bully pulpit – use the media to agenda set Issuing Executive orders

33 Powers Congress can check the president by Passing laws Impeachment
Approval of presidential appointees Approving the budget Override vetoes

34 Tension Between Prez and Congress

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