1. Zoology: The Study of Animals

2. Animal: a multi-cellular, heterotrophic organism, with cells protected by cell membranes, utilize aerobic respiration, and have some form of movement

3. Animal Characteristics

4. 1. Multi-cellular: cell specialization – the adaptation of cells for a specific function
Ex. Neuron, muscles, bone, etc.

5. 2. Heterotrophic: do not make their own food – consume other animals or plants

6. 3. Sexual Reproduction: exchange of genetic information in which two haploid cells unite to form a diploid cell

7. 4. Aerobic Respiration: breaking down carbohydrates into usable energy
-Performed by the mitochondria -Turns glucose and oxygen into ATP -By product Carbon Dioxide – we breath this out

8. 5. Movement: specialized cells form neural tissue that sends electrical responses to muscle tissue

9. Two Groups of Animals:

10. 1. Invertebrates: animals without a central nervous cord and back bone

11. 2. Vertebrates: animals that have a central nervous cord and a backbone

12. Animal Bodies – terms and concepts

13. 1. Morphology: study of internal/external structures and form and function

14. 2. Body Reference Terms: dorsal and ventral; anterior and posterior

15. 3. Symmetry: pattern or structure in reference to balance (3 types)
Asymmetry: no balance of body parts or shapes
Ex. Sponges

16. 3. Symmetry: pattern or structure in reference to balance (3 types)
Radial Symmetry: similar parts branch out in all directions
Ex. Jellyfish, starfish

17. 3. Symmetry: pattern or structure in reference to balance (3 types)
Bilateral Symmetry: animals with two similar halves on either side of a plane
Ex. Mammals, birds, reptiles, etc.

18. 4. Cephalization: animals with a head area with sensory organs and a brain

19. Invertebrate Characteristics:

20. 1. Display all forms of symmetry

21. 2. Segmentation: repetition of similar units

22. 3. Exoskeleton: rigid outer covering of the soft tissue
-must molt (shed) their exoskeleton -legs out the side, not underneath

23. 4. Respiration and circulatory system
Respiration: gills or lungs used for gas exchange
Circulation: open circulatory system – no blood vessels

24. 5. Digestive and Nervous system

25. 6. Reproduction: sexual and asexual-Hermaphroditic: produces male and female gametes

26. 7. Indirect Development: animals that have intermediate larval stage
Ex. Egg  Larva pupa  adult

27. Vertebrate Characteristics

28. 1. Endoskeleton: legs under the body

29. 2. Integument: outer body covering of the animal (skin, scales, fur, etc.)

30. 3. Respiration - lungs

31. 4. Kidneys: excretory system

32. 5. Sexual Reproduction (eggs and sperm)

33. 6. Closed circulatory system (blood vessels)

34. Adaptations to Reproduction
2 Basic Process For Survival
Metabolism: insures the survival of the individual
Reproduction: insures survival of the species

35. 2 Modes of Reproduction

36. 1. Asexual: creation of a new individual whose genes come from one parent
Fission: separation of parent organisms

38. 2. Sexual: exchange of haploid gamets

39. Unusual Reproductive Processes

40. 1. Same Sex Species: species that reproduce with only one sex
Parthenogenesis: eggs that develop without being fertilized

41. 2. Sex Reversal: species that start life as one sex and end as another
Ex. Wrasses Fish

42. 3. Male Parasitism: males attach themselves to females as a parasite for life

43. 4. Gastric Brooding: eggs are carried in the stomach of the mother

44. 5. Hermaphrodites: organism has both male and female sex organs

45. Mechanisms of Reproduction
Fertilization: the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
2 Types:
External Fertilization: fertilization that takes place outside of the body (aquatic organism)
Internal Fertilization: male deposits sperm directly inside the female’s body (terrestrial organism)

46. Amniote Egg: developing embryo surrounded by a liquid sac called an amnion
-1st appeared with the evolution of reptiles -allowed for the colonization of land by animals

47. Courtship: animal behavior that attracts a mate

48. -vocalizations

49. -dancing

50. -coloration

51. -biting

52. -Pheremones: chemical signal released by one organism that influences another’s behavior

54. Sexual Reproductive Types

55. 1. Viviparous: fertilized eggs develop in the uterus; nourished by placenta

56. 2. Oviparous: internal fertilization but eggs are laid outside the body

57. 3. Ovoviviparous: eggs retained in the oviduct– young nourished by a yolk sac

58. Embryology:

59. Blastula: a hollow ball of cells in rapid mitosis

60. Gastrulation: the process in which blastula transforms into a multi-layered embryo

61. Creates 3 germ layers
Ectoderm: outer most cell layer – becomes the skin
Endoderm: inner most cell layer –becomes the internal organs
Mesoderm: middle cell layer – becomes the limbs

62. Animal Body Types

63. 1. Acoelomate: lacking a body cavity

64. 2. Pseudocoelomate: intestinal tract is suspended in a fluid coelom

65. 3. Coelomate: animals with true body cavities – mesoderm lines the cavity