1. Personality *
An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving.

2. Traits *
Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations.
Eysenck: Introversion v. Extraversion; Biological
Other trait theorists: Allport, Cattell
Examples of Predictive Traits:
Authoritarianism, individualism/collectivism, internal/external locus of control, need for achievement, self-consciousness, self-esteem, sensation seeking.

3. Problems with Trait Model
See stable traits in others
See situational influences in ourselves.
Which view is correct?
Mischel: low correlation across situations (r=.30)
Barnum Effect

4. Five Factor (Big Five) Model *
5 Underlying Trait dimensions
Stable over time
Cross culturally shared
Explain substantial proportion of behavior
Most validated contemporary trait model
Costa & McRae
Acronym OCEAN or CANOE
What do the letters stand for?

5. Open to experience * Conscientious * Extraversion * Agreeableness *
Curious, adventurous, appreciates art & emotion
Conscientious *
Self discipline, planning, achievement
Extraversion *
Positive emotions; enjoys company
Agreeableness *
Compassionate; cooperative
Neuroticism *
Negative emotions; instability, anxiety

6. Can you Label the Big Five ?3 3 1 2 5 4

7. Personality Tests * Objective Tests * Projective Tests *
Personality Inventories = questionnaires, e.g. MMPI
T/F or MC; answers associated with trait or diagnosis
Projective Tests *
Ask for meaning of ambiguous stimuli
Rorschach – ask to explain image in Inkblots
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – ask to tell stories about ambiguous pictures

8. Freud and the Psychodynamic Approach *
Unconscious mind *
Memories outside awareness/not accessible
Preconscious mind *
Thoughts just beneath surface
Voluntary access
Conscious mind *
Thoughts you are aware of
Currently processing

9. Components of Personality (Freud)*
A) Id
Primitive impulses, unconscious
pleasure principle
B) Ego *
Conscious, decision maker
Reality Principle
C) Superego *
Unconscious; conscience
Sense of morality; constraints of society

10. Can You Label the Components ?2 1 3

11. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages *
Characteristics
0-18mo
Oral
Pleasure comes from mouth: sucking, biting, chewing; emotional & physical dependency
18mo-3
Anal
Pleasure comes from elimination; toilet training; Retention, messiness, control issues
3-6
Phallic
Pleasure from genitals; attraction to opposite sex parent; identification with same sex parent; Oedipal & Electra complex
6-Puberty
Latency
Sexual feelings less important; associate with same sex peers & model same sex adults
Adult
Genital
Pleasure from mature sexuality (if prior development ok); Sex is primary motivation

12. Label the Psychosexual Stages1 2 1 3 4 5

13. Defense Mechanisms * Freud’s theory
Self-protective “distortions” of the truth
Unconscious strategies to defend against anxiety
Repression – forgetting anxiety producing memories
Example: Forgetting about a mistake you made
Your example:
Regression – reverting to earlier behavior patterns
Example: Going “back to the bottle” under stress
Displacement – divert impulses to a safer target
Example: Yell at your spouse instead of the boss
Your Example:

14. Sublimation – unacceptable impulses to better activities
Example: Writing novels about unacceptable topics
Your example:
Rationalization – self justifying explanations
Example: I deserve expensive desserts because I studied hard.
Projection – attribute your impulses to others
Example: She keeps starting fights (v. I start them)

15. Humanistic Psychology *
Key Concepts:
Self Concept – our beliefs about who we are
Self Esteem – Positive feelings about the self
Self-Actualization – motive to reach our potential
Carl Rogers – best known humanist
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
Unconditional positive regard, empathy
Non-directive approach

16. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Motives)
Must fill lower level needs before higher level ones.
Physiological Needs (water, food, sleep, sex)
Self-Actualization
Esteem, Recognition , respect, competence
Love, Belonging, Acceptance
Safety Needs:World as Safe, Predictable

17. Social Cognitive Theory
Interactions
Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism *
The complex interaction between personality, environment, and behavior.
Bandura's theory Video

18. Behavioral Genetics * Scientific Research
Genetic, environmental, and interactive influences on human behavior.
Twin Studies
Family Studies
Adoption Studies
Molecular Genetics (DNA)
Epigenetics (environmental influences on gene expression) Video

19. Conclusions Genes are important Genetics is not destiny
Nonshared influences more important
Individuals are unique; no single explanation.
All theories contribute to research and knowledge.