1. The Removal of the Indians
Do Now:
Chart in packet.
Homework:
The Bank War pg. 424 Pg

2. Lesson Objective
Analyze the major aspects of domestic debates over U.S. expansionism in the 19th century?
What is the major domestic debate that we are concerned with today?
What are we looking for as we read and investigate primary and secondary sources?

3. Whites living on the frontier tended to champion expansion efforts, while resistance by American Indians led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control American Indian Populations

4. 4 Images Take Notes: What is it?
What is the point of view of the author or artist?
What is it trying to convey?

9. White Attitudes Toward the Tribes
In 18th century many whites considered Indians “noble savages” who had inherent dignity, by 19th century more hostile attitude especially among whites in W and territories, simply “savages”
White westerners wanted removal b/c feared continued contact + expanding white settlements would lead to endless violence, & Indian lands valuable
Only fed govt had power to deal w/ Indians after Sup. Court decisions. Indians created new large political entities to deal w/ whites

10. The Black Hawk War
In Old Northwest Black Hawk War to expel last of Indians there
Conflict notable for violence of white military efforts, attacked even when Chief Black Hawk was surrendering and killed Indians fleeing battle

11. The “Five Civilized Tribes”
1830s govt worried about remaining “Five Civilized Tribes” in South
Successful agricultural society, Constitution forming Cherokee Nation 1827
Fed govt worked in early 19th century thru treaties to remove tribes to West and open lands to white settlement.
Negotiation process unsatisfying + slow
Congress passed Removal Act 1830 to finance def negotiations w/ tribes in order to relocate them West, pressure from state govts to move as well
In GA Sup. Court decisions of Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831) and Worcester v Georgia (1832) seemed to protect tribal lands
1835 treaty signed with minority tribe in Cherokee nation ceding all land to GA, but majority of Cherokees refused to recognize its legitimacy. Jackson sent army under General Winfield Scott to drive them westward to reservation  

12. Trials of Tears
Forced trek to “Indian Territory” began winter Thousands died before destination, dubbed “Trail of Tears”
Cherokees not alone: btwn nearly all “Five Civilized Tribes” expelled from Southern states & relocated to Indian Territory created by Congress in Indian Intercourse Act of Undesirable land far from whites
Only Seminoles in Florida resisted relocation. Under pressure had agreed to cede land and move to Ind. Territory, many members of tribe moved
But 1835 minority led by chief Osceola staged uprising. Jackson sent army, conducted campaign of systematic extermination but successful guerilla warfare forced govt to abandon war in 1842

13. The Meaning of Removal
By end of 1830s almost all major Indian societies relocated to far less hospitable lands west of Mississippi on reservations surrounded by forts
White movement west impossible to have stopped, but alternative to removal could have been some form of co-existence like in NW trading posts, TX
BY mid-19th century Americans believed western lands had no pre-existing civilization. Natives could not be equal partners, were obstacles to be removed, “lacked intelligence, industry and moral habits for improvement”