1. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2 Properties of Water
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Molecule
A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
It acts like a magnet
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Molecule
Hydrogen Bonds
Because of their partial positive and negative charges, polar molecules can attract each other.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Molecule
Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance.
(water sticks to water) .
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2) Surface Tension
Polar molecules pulling on one another.
(the surface act like a solid)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Water Molecule
3) Adhesion is an attraction between molecules of different substances.
(water sticks to other things)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
4) CAPILLARY ACTION
Water is pulled through porous substances
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
5) High SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific Heat = the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of something 1 degree C.
(water is hard to heat up/cool down)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

9. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6) Less Dense as a Solid
Because of hydrogen bonds, water molecules are farther apart when they ate frozen
(Ice Floats)
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. Solutions and Suspensions
7) Universal Solvent
(Water is good at braking things down)
Solutions and Suspensions
A mixture is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11. Solutions and Suspensions
Two types of mixtures can be made with water
solutions
suspensions
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Solutions and Suspensions
All the components of a solution are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
solute—the substance that is dissolved.
solvent—the substance in which the solute dissolves.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Solutions and Suspensions
When a crystal of table salt is placed in warm water, sodium and chloride ions are attracted to the polar water molecules.
Na+
Cl -
Water
When an ionic compound such as sodium chloride is placed in water, water molecules surround and separate the positive and negative ions.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Solutions and Suspensions
Some materials do not dissolve when placed in water but separate into pieces so small that they do not settle out easily.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Acids, Bases, and pH
Acids, Bases, and pH
A water molecule is neutral, but can react to form hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
H2O   H+ + OH-
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Acids, Bases, and pH
The pH scale 
Chemists devised a measurement system called the pH scale to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

17. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Acids, Bases, and pH
The pH Scale
At a pH of 7, the concentration of H+ ions and OH- ions is equal.
Sea water
Human blood
Pure water
Milk
Normal rainfall
The concentration of H+ ions determines whether solutions are acidic or basic.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Acids, Bases, and pH
Acids
An acid is any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. 
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Acids, Bases, and pH
Bases
A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH- ions) in solution. 
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Acids, Bases, and pH
Buffers 
The pH of the fluids within most cells in the human body must generally be kept between 6.5 and 7.5.
Controlling pH is important for maintaining homeostasis.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2
A molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed is called a
polar molecule.
cohesive molecule.
hydrogen molecule.
covalent molecule.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2
A dissolved substance is called a
solvent.
solution.
solute.
Suspension.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2
A compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution is called a(an)
base.
buffer.
acid.
salt.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules result from
adhesion between water molecules.
magnetic attractions between water molecules.
uneven electron distribution in each water molecule.
ionic bonds in the water molecule.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2-2
On a pH scale, a value of 2 means that the solution has
equal concentrations of H+ and OH- ions.
the same concentration of H+ ions as pure water.
higher concentration of H+ than in pure water.
lower concentration of H+ than in pure water.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

27. END OF SECTION