1. Microbial Genetics Heredity Genes Chromosomes Alleles Mutations
DNA + proteins
Bacterial
Human
Genes
Alleles
Mutations

2. Genetic Information Storage
DNA/Base sequences
Genetic information transfer

3. DNA Replication DNA structure 5’ and 3’ ends
Antiparallel strand orientation
Strand unwinding

4. DNA Polymerase Leading strand synthesis Lagging strand synthesis
Need for DNA Ligase

5. RNA Synthesis RNA Polymerase Promoter sequence Terminator sequence
3 RNA types
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA t

6. Gene Complexity Compared
Eukaryotic
Introns transcribed then spliced out
Exon shuffling can occur
Prokaryotic
No introns
Operons

7. Genetic Code
mRNA codons

8. Protein Synthesis
tRNA anticodons
Amino acid links
Role of ribosomes

9. Coupling of Transcription/Translation
Prokaryotic streamlining of gene expression

10. Regulation of Metabolism
Enzyme Inhibition
Enzyme Induction
Enzyme Repression

11. Mutations
Genotype
Phenotype

12. Mutation Types - Substitutions
Point mutations
Silent
Missense
Nonsense

13. Mutation Types
Frameshift
Rearrangements

14. Causes of Mutation Spontaneous Radiation (Physical mutagens)
Fragility
Errors in replication
Chemical mutagens
Radiation (Physical mutagens)

15. Mutation Studies Genetic diseases Progerias Mental retardation
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Werner’s syndrome
Bloom’s syndrome
Progerias
Accelerated aging
Mental retardation
Damage to early neurons

16. Ames Test – Detects Mutagens
Salmonella typhimurium (his-)
Mutation reverts phenotype to ability to biosynthesize histidine
Rat liver extract added to simulate mammalian enzymes
Bacteria grown with many controls