1. Effects of Gene Location
Linked Genes
Pairs of genes that tend to be inherited together are called linked genes.

2. Effects of Gene Location
Chromosome Mapping
The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the more likely a cross-over will occur.
Researchers use recombinant percentages to construct chromosome maps showing relative gene positions.

3. Mutations
Germ-cell mutations occur in gametes and can be passed on to offspring.
Somatic-cell mutations occur in body
cells and affect only the individual organism.

4. Mutations Chromosome Mutations
Chromosome mutations are changes in the structure of a chromosome or the loss or gain of an entire chromosome.

5. Chromosomal Mutations
Partial Changes to Chromosomes
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Deletion
Whole Chromosome Mutations
Polyploidy
Aneuploidy (Nondisjunction)

6. Duplication
The addition of a group of genes/nucleotides to a chromosome.
Inserted

7. Inversion
The removal, reversal, and reinsertion of a piece of a chromosome.

8. Translocation
The loss of a piece of chromosome, and its addition to a nonhomologous chromosome.

9. Deletion
The loss of a piece of chromosome.
Deleted

11. Mutations Gene Mutations
Gene mutations are changes in one or more of the nucleotides in a gene.

12. Karyotype
Picture of all chromosomes –

13. Polyploidy
Having one or more whole extra sets of chromosomes.

14. Aneuploidy
Having one extra or one fewer chromosome than the normal number. This is caused by nondisjunction, where the chromosomes don’t separate correctly during meiosis.
Results: Trisomy (3 of a chromosome) or Monosomy (1 of a chromosome)

15. Example Aneuploids

16. Example Aneuploids

18. Inheritance of Traits Pedigrees
Geneticists use pedigrees to trace diseases or traits through families.
Pedigrees are diagrams that reveal inheritance patterns of genes.