1. Homework #2 is due 10/17
Bonus #1 is due 10/24
FrakenFlowers

2. Vertebrate Development:
from zygote to adult

4. All humans are female for the first nine weeks of development

5. Each whorl expresses a specific combination of three genes
CB 21.20

6. Hox genes regulate the identity of body parts
Fig 12.4

7. embryo
adult
Expression of hox genes in the embryo give rise to different adult body parts.
Fig

8. Drosophila and vertebrate Hox protein show striking similarities (500 million years since common ancestor)
Fig 12.9

9. Many hox proteins have common sequences (these are from Drosophila)
Fig 12.8

10. helix-turn-helix: a common DNA-binding motif
Fig

11. Many developmental genes are transcription factors
Tbl 12.1
these are from Drosophila

12. Interaction of genes can set gradients in cells/organisms that signal how different regions should develop.
Fig 12.18

13. Reporter gene: coding region promoter protein promoter
reporter gene (luciferase, etc)
easily visualized protein
Fig 12.19

14. Interaction of genes can set gradients in cells/organisms that signal how different regions should develop.
Fig 12.18

15. Mutants in Drosophila embryo segment development
Fig 12.14

16. Gap genes affect formation of continuous blocks of segments
Fig 12.14

17. Pair-rule genes regulate pairing of segments
Fig 12.14

18. Segment-polarity genes regulate patterning of the segments.
Fig 12.14

19. Hox genes regulate not segment patterns, but what each segment will become
Fig 12.14

20. Why change gene expression?
Different cells need different components
Responding to the environment
Replacement of damaged/worn-out parts

21. The order of Hox genes parallels the order of body parts in which they are expressed
Fig 12.10

22. How are genomes organized?
25,000 12

23. Comparison of Fugu and human huntingtin gene:
(green indicates transposons prevalent in human version)
7.5 X bigger
both have 67 exons, connected by lines
(puffer fish)
Figure Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed by Alberts et al (Adapted from S. Baxendale et al., Nat. Genet. 10:67–76, 1995.)

24. rRNA is arranged in repeated transcription units

25. Most cells in an organism have the same DNA
Most cells in an organism have the same DNA. Which cells have different DNA?

26. DNA is rearranged in B-cells during antibody production

27. Each B-cell produces a unique antibody

28. DNA rearrangements in B-cells allow each B-cell to produce a unique antibody

29. Homework #2 is due 10/17
Bonus #1 is due 10/24
FrakenFlowers