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Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning

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Presentation on theme: "Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning"— Presentation transcript:

1 Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning
Lesson 8

2 Associative Learning & Language
Language acquisition Interaction of nature & nurture Respondent & operant Respondent Association of sounds & symbols English: “deh” = d; “err” = r Russian: “deh” = д; “err” = р ~

3 Respondent Learning & Language
Associatе sounds/symbols with objects/actions English: dog; woman; speak Spanish: perro; mujer; hablar Russian: собака; женщина, говорить Words/ideas Conditional stimuli Conditional responses ~

4 Operant Learning & Language
Babies start off babbling sounds Inherited behavior Certain sounds are reinforced Directly by parents, etc. Also by consequences words are understood  consequences Mother ~

5 Respondent & Operant Together
SD B SR : UR CS : US CR

6 Respondent vs Operant Both associative Involuntary vs voluntary
Biologically important events US vs SR Signals/cues CS vs SD Contingency CS : US vs B  SR ~

7 Factors Influencing Acquisition
Frequency # learning trials Predictivity contingency & probability Contiguity timing Salience Intensity / novelty ~

8 Acquisition: Frequency
Gradual usually requires many pairings Respondent: CS : US  UR Operant: SD : B  SR Measuring the learned response magnitude latency / probability / frequency Asymptote limit to how much can be learned ~

9 Respondent Acquisition
CS : US  UR CR Hi Lo Asymptote CR Strength CS : US pairings

10 Operant Acquisition SD : B  SR Hi Asymptote Bar Press Rate (B) Lo
B  SR Trials

11 Detour Learning Task

12 Acquisition: Detour Learning
Chicks performance on detour learning task

13 Acquisition: Predictivity
Contingency CS+ / CS- SD / S∆ Probability Usefulness of cues Hi  faster learning Low  slower learning ~

14 Contiguity: Respondent Learning
Order & Timing Anticipate important event  strongest to weakest CR Delayed CS US Trace CS US

15 Contiguity: Respondent Learning
Simultaneous CS US Backward CS US

16 Contiguity: Respondent Learning
CS-US interval In general... shorter interval  more effective longer interval  less effective Depends on response system Fast: seconds) e.g., eye blink, skeletal muscle reflexes Slow: 2-3 min e.g., CERs, physiological responses Nausea (CTA): hours ~

17 Contiguity: Operant Learning
Delay of Reinforcement Immediate consequences most effective temporal contiguity reinforcement & punishment longer delays: ­ probability of other behaviors being reinforced instead of intended behavior ~

18 Delay of Reinforcement
20 15 Bar presses per minute 10 5 Delay between B and SR (sec)

19 Salience: Operant Learning
SD / S∆ intensity More noticeable  faster learning SR intensity Magnitude of reinforcement  magnitude  faster learning SR value  value  faster learning Can be modified by experience ~

20 Operant: Delay vs Magnitude
Delay most important factor Small, immediate reinforcer more powerful… Than large, delayed reward Immediate consequences More closely connected to situation e.g., hangovers as punishment ~

21 Salience: CS Intensity
Faster conditioning CR Hi Lo # of CS - US pairings Asymptote stronger CS weaker CS

22 Salience: CS Intensity
Stimulus millieu Always multiple potential CSs Overshadowing Concurrent cues TONE/light – shock  pain/fear TONE  stronger fear light  weaker fear ~

23 Salience: US Intensity
Increased intensity Faster conditioning and… Stronger CR possible Raise Asymptote

24 Salience: US Intensity
Hi stronger US Asymptote CR weaker US Lo # of CS - US pairings

25 Salience & Previous Experience
Surprisingness of US important Affects rapidity & strength of learning Novel stimuli best cues CS+ / CS- and SD / S∆ Not cues for other only occur with US/SR ~

26 Salience & Previous Experience
Latent Inhibition Slower acquisition if CS is familiar Cues associated w/ other events Inhibits association w/ new US/SR Blocking effect Tone—shock pain/fear Tone  fear Tone/Light – shock  pain/fear Light  no fear (or weak) Redundancy ~

27 Sensory Preconditioning
Conditional Stimuli paired first no US many times Acquisition one CS is paired with a US other is not Extinction of CS paired with US ~

28 Conditioned Taste Aversion (CTA)
Exception to usual rules of conditioning Delay can be hours Requires only single CS-US pairing Rats: novel food makes them sick Will avoid that food, even if starving Adaptive ? Stewed tomatoes & beef jerky ~

29 Conditioned Taste Aversions
Learn to avoid foods that make you sick Eat a novel food Taste = CS Become sick Avoid food Resistant to extinction Species specific tendencies Mammals: Taste cues (CS) Birds: Visual cues ~

30 Biological Preparedness
Animals differentially prepared to associate certain CSs & USs Highly prepared learn very quickly Unprepared according to general learning laws Contraprepared great difficulty, if at all even w/ appropriate contingencies ~

31 Stimulus Relevance Cues relevant for biologically important event
both taste & illness for food visual cues & painful stimuli highly-prepared associations Contra-prepared or unprepared for others Taste – foot shock Sound/light -- illness ~

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