1. Chapter 8, part A
Microbial Genetics

2. Terminology
Genetics Study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
Gene Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein

3. Terminology Genome All of the genetic material in a cell
Genomics Molecular study of genomes
Genotype Genes of an organism
Phenotype Expression of the genes

4. E. coli
Figure 8.1a

5. Flow of Genetic Information
Figure 8.2

6. DNA Polymer of nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Double helix associated with proteins
"Backbone" is deoxyribose-phosphate
Strands held together by hydrogen bonds between AT and CG
Strands are antiparallel
Figure 8.4

7. DNA
Figure 8.3

8. DNA
Figure 8.5

9. DNA DNA is copied by DNA polymerase In the 5  3 direction
Initiated by an RNA primer
Leading strand synthesized continuously
Lagging strand synthesized discontinuously
Okazaki fragments
RNA primers are removed and Okazaki fragments joined by a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

10. DNA
Figure 8.6

11. DNA
DNA replication is semiconservative
Figure 8.7

12. Transcription DNA is transcribed to make RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)
Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promotor sequence
Transcription proceeds in the 5  3 direction
Transcription stops when it reaches the terminator sequence

13. Figure 8.8

14. RNA processing in Eukaryotes
Figure 8.12

15. Translation mRNA is translated in codons (3 nucleotides)
Translation of mRNA begins at the start codon: AUG
Translation ends at a STOP codon: UAA, UAG, UGA
Figure 8.2

16. Translation
Figure 8.9