1. CSP Meeting CERN CERN Accelerators in 2010 25th November 2010
Stephen Myers
Director for Accelerators and Technology,
CERN Geneva

2. Total of 9 accelerators at CERN, 12 if you consider the 4 rings of the booster

3. CERN CERN Accelerator Complex Lake Geneva Geneva Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Shows only the accelerators and the lab, no other animation
CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)

4. CERN CERN Accelerator Complex Large Hadron Collider Lake Geneva
(LHC, 2008)
27km long
150m underground
Lake Geneva
Geneva
Airport
CERN LAB 2 (France)
Super Proton Synchrotron
(SPS, 1976)
no animation, showing the details of the accelerators
Proton Synchrotron
(PS, 1959)
CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland)

5. CERN CERN Accelerator Complex
Four LHC experiments: huge detectors were constructed by thousands of scientists in international collaboration
CMS
LHC-b
ALICE
ATLAS

6. Even Better a Da Vinci Version

7. The LHC

8. LHC: First collisions at 7 TeV on 30 March 2010
ALICE
LHCb
CMS

9. First Running Period (low bunch intensity)
calculated )
> Seven Orders of magnitude below design
At this point, just ahead of the ICHEP, Paris, (based on collisions at 450 GeV with 1.1e11 ppb) we decided to change mode of operation to high bunch intensity

10. Second Running Period (High bunch Intensity)
calculated
Maximum reached is 10.7x1030 cm-2s-1

11. 28/10/2010 (approaching 50pb-1)

12. Running with Bunch Trains (Parameters)
Performance Improvement by a factor of 200,000 in 7 months:

13. Peak Luminosity
Update needed
Goal for 2010
2010 Goal

14. 2010 Ion Run The Injectors are ready
The Pb82+ beam was injected into the LHC (first beam after the 2008 incident)
The basic machine parameters are similar
But the collimation system will need some setting up
The behavior of the beam instrumentation will be critical – the low intensities make life difficult
It will not look as impressive as protons as far as absolute performance is concerned:
Peak Luminosity ~10+25 cm-2 s-1 (c.f. 2x10+32 for protons)
Integrated Luminosity ~3-10 mb-1 (c.f. 50,000,000 mb-1 for protons)
But each collision should look pretty impressive!

15. First Long Run with lead ions 8-9 Nov 2010
16 bunches/beam
4 bunches/beam

16. A word from our suppliers

17. 1 bunch
4 bunches
65 bunches
121 bunches

18. 6 days of ion operation (x 100 increase)
14 Nov
6 days of ion operation (x 100 increase)
8 Nov

19. Integrated Luminosity with Lead Ions

20. Peak Luminosity with Lead Ions

21. Summary: What did we learn in 2010
LHC is magnetically very reproducible on a month to month time scale
Head on beam-beam limit higher than forseen
Aperture better than foreseen
Not a single magnet quench due to beam
Careful increase of the number of bunches OK
Electron cloud and vacuum
Machine protection
Set up is long
Quench levels for fast and slow losses needs optimized
UFOs

22. Plans for 2011 Running Conditions in 2011 (Chamonix January 2011)
Maximum beam energy
Bunch spacing 50/75ns
Integrated luminosity evaluation (goal set is 1fb-1)

23. The 10 year technical Plan

24. Cern’s Other Accelerators
SPS
North Area (450 GeV Fixed target experiments and test beams)
CNGS PS
East area (DIRAC etc)
nToF
AD (?ELENA)
PS Booster
ISOLDE (HIE-ISOLDE)
CTF3
LEIR (Low Energy Ion Ring)... Medical applications

25. Total of 9 accelerators at CERN, 12 if you consider the 4 rings of the booster

26. CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Task for CERN:
produce intense nm beam towards Gran Sasso
p + C  (interactions)  p+, K+  (decay in flight)  m+ + nm
700 m m m m 26 26 26

27. CERN to Gran Sasso :
732 km at depth up to 11.4 km 27 27 27

28. 28

29. Thank you for your attention

30. CERN Projects HL-LHC (Luminosity Upgrade)
LIU (Performance upgrade of the LHC Injectors)
CONS (Consolidation of LHC and Injectors)
LCS (Linear Collider Studies)
HIE-ISOLDE, ?ELENA, ?neutrinos
R&D on High Power Proton Driver (SPL etc)

31. HL-LHC

32. Upgrades: Foreword Goals
New Studies were launched more than one year ago
Performance Aim
To maximize the useful integrated luminosity over the lifetime of the LHC
Targets set by the detectors are: 3000fb-1 (on tape) by the end of the life of the LHC → fb-1 per year in the second decade of running the LHC
Goals
Check the coherence of the presently considered upgrades wrt
accelerator performance limitations,
Detector needs,
manpower resources and,
shutdown planning including detectors

33. Luminosity Upgrade Scenario
For LHC high luminosities, the luminosity lifetime becomes comparable with the turn round time  Low efficiency
Preliminary estimates show that the useful integrated luminosity is greater with
a peak luminosity of 5x1034 cm-2 s-1 and a longer luminosity lifetime (by luminosity levelling)
than with 1035 and a luminosity lifetime of a few hours
Luminosity Levelling by
Beta*, crossing angle, crab cavities, and bunch length
Detector physicists have indicated that their detector upgrades are significantly influenced by the choice between peak luminosities of 5x1034 and 1035.
Pile up events
Radiation effects

34. Hardware for the Upgrade
New high field insertion quadrupoles
Upgraded cryo system for IP1 and IP5
Upgrade of the intensity in the Injector Chain
Crab Cavities to take advantage of the small beta*
Single Event Upsets
SC links to allow power converters to be moved to surface
Misc
Upgrade some correctors
Re-commissioning DS quads at higher gradient
Change of New Q5/Q4 (larger aperture), with new stronger corrector orbit, displacements of few magnets
Larger aperture D2

35. Crab Cavities qc
Elliptical 800 MHz not far from being designed. Require 400 mm beam-beam
400 MHz small cavity under conceptual study, they can (?) fit in 194 mm beam-beam. Required for final solution

36. LIU SPS PS PSB LINAC4 Electron cloud, RF upgrade,
Increased energy at injection
PSB
Increased energy at extraction, power converters, kickers and septa ...
LINAC4

37. HE-LHC

38. Preliminary HE-LHC - parameters
Very Long Term Objectives: Higher Energy LHC
Preliminary HE-LHC - parameters
Very preliminary with large error bars

39. HE-LHC – main issues and R&D
high-field 20-T dipole magnets based on Nb3Sn, Nb3Al, and HTS
high-gradient quadrupole magnets for arc and IR
fast cycling SC magnets for 1-TeV injector
emittance control in regime of strong SR damping and IBS
cryogenic handling of SR heat load (first analysis; looks manageable)
dynamic vacuum