1. Jeffersonian Democracy Thomas Jefferson as President 1801 - 1809
Do Now: Describe some ways that candidates campaign against each other today

2. The Election of 1800 (REMATCH)
Adams vs. Jefferson
Americans are divided
Naval war with France
Foreign relations
Growing political tensions
Federalist losing popularity

3. Election of 1800 What happened? How was the issue resolved?
Why was the 12th Amendment added?

4. Modern Campaign Tactics
- Slurs and Abuses from both sides
- Loyal Newspapers
- Philandering and sexual affairs
- Jefferson = atheists who loves the French
- Will destroy religion because he likes science
- Adams = power hungry dictator who wants to make himself king and limit the liberty of Americans (Alien and Sedation Acts)

5. What happens when the election is tied?
First place = president
Second place = Vice President
Adams clearly looses
Jefferson and Burr are tied – 73 votes each
Goes to the House of Representatives (who are Federalists Controlled)
Needs a 9 state majority to win
35 ballots

6. Hamilton Dislikes
Jefferson
DESPiSES
BURR
Believes Jefferson
Is more qualified
To be President
Convinces the
Federalists to choose

7. 12th Amendment (1804)
These problems with the voting system led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment
Said that electors must cast separate ballots for president and vice president.

8. History of Dueling

9. “Bloodless Revolution”
The Election of 1800 is often nicknamed the “Revolution of 1800” – why do you think that is

10. Jeffersonian Democracy
Informal
Agrarian Democracy
Reduce the size of gov.
Army
Navy
Taxes
National Bank
Free Trade
Power to Farmers

11. What if……
a school rule was passed that did not allow students to ask any questions during school hours?
And…….
there was no way to challenge the rule if you thought it was unfair?

12. Constitutional Structure
Federal Government – Three Branches
Article I Article II Article III
Legislative Executive Judicial
Article III
Section I: “The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish….”
Checks and Balances/Separation of Powers.

13. The Judicial Branch Article Three
When the U.S. Constitution was written, there were still lots of questions about the judicial branch. In 1789, shortly after the Constitution was ratified, Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established the federal court system. 13

14. Served as Secretary of State
Under President Adams
John Marshall
Served as Secretary of State
Had played a key role in shaping Article III (Judicial Branch) in U S Constitution 14

15. (Democratic-Republican)
And the outcome of the elections reveal the next president of the United States is...
Thomas Jefferson
(Democratic-Republican)
Wins the Election!!!
Federalists had not only lost the Presidency but they also lost control in Congress.

16. New President Takes Office
Time Lag...between election day and the oath of office for the new President
November 1800
Election Day
March 1801
New President Takes Office
Fear that Federalist Party will no longer exist
Federalist Congress passes the Judiciary
Act of 1801 and the Organic Act of 1801
The Act gave Adams the power to appoint several new federal judges and justices of the peace before he left office.

17. Adams gets the last laugh
Judiciary Act of 1801
Increases amount of court justices
Reduces Supreme Court
Midnight Judges
Adams fills open positions with Federalists
Appoints John Marshall as Chief Justice
William Marbury – never has his appointment delivered

18. Now, we must introduce...
One of the judges appointed by
President Adams that did not receive his commission
Senate Approved
Commission Drawn Up
Secretary of State Seal
Commission Delivered by John Marshall (S of S) NO
Commission Checklist
William Marbury
So many commissions, they could not all be delivered,
including Marbury’s Commission!!!

19. Now President Jefferson takes office and he learns of Adams’s attempt to pack the Court with Federalists. President Jefferson instructs his Secretary of State James Madison to refuse the appointments.
President Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State James Madison

20. I want my job!!!
Marbury appeals directly to the United States Supreme Court to gain his appointment. He wanted the Supreme Court to issue an order forcing Secretary of State James Madison to give Marbury his Commission.
Basis of argument: The Judiciary Act (Enacted by Congress) gives the Supreme Court the power to issue such an order. (Original Jurisdiction)

22. Questions before the Court
Does Marbury have a right to the Commission?
Question 2:
Did Marbury have a right to take the case to the United States Supreme Court?
(He did so because of the Judiciary Act of 1789) 22

23. Question 1: Does Marbury have a right to the Commission?
And the final answer to Question 1 is…
YES
When the seal was affixed
Chief Justice Marshall:
Where there is a right, there must be a remedy.
**Marbury wins Question 1** 23

24. Question 2: Does Marbury have the right to take the case to the Supreme Court?
CONFLICT!!!
Judiciary Act of 1789
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in this case.
US Constitution
Article 3:
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in specific cases only.

25. The Commission cannot be granted.
Question 2
And the final answer to Question 2 is… NO
The Commission cannot be granted.
The United States Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land.
That section of the Judiciary Act is unconstitutional.

26. Marbury vs. Madison Marshall is stuck
Appointment will be ignored
Backs – court looks weak
Declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional (section on establishing courts)
Judicial Review
Who won?

27. Unanimous decision
In a unanimous decision, written by Justice Marshall, the Court stated that Marbury, indeed, had a right to his commission.
But it also ruled that the Court had no jurisdiction (or power) in the case and could not force Jefferson and Madison to seat Marbury. The Judiciary Act of gave the Supreme Court jurisdiction, but the US Constitution did not.
The Court’s first responsibility is to uphold the Constitution. When there is a conflict, the Constitution prevails.

28. The Supremacy Clause (Article VI, Section 2)
United States Constitution
If there is a conflict between a lower law and a higher one, the higher one “wins.”
Acts of Congress
The U.S. Constitution is the “Supreme Law of the Land.”
State Constitutions
State Statutes (laws)
City and County Laws 28

30. Louisiana Purchase Spain gives land to France
France sends troops to Caribbean
Jefferson plays both sides
Talks alliance with England
Sends James Monroe to France to buy Louisiana and Florida

31. Deal of a Lifetime!!!! Napoleon needs $$$
Napoleon offers all of it for 15 million
Doubles the size of the USA
828,000 sq. miles
4 cents an acre
IS THIS CONSTITUTIONAL?

32. Constitution Issues with the Purchase
The Constitution did not directly give Jefferson the authority to buy new territory for the nation.
Jefferson and his fellow strict constructionists decided that the right to acquire territory was implicit in the president’s constitutional power to make treaties.

34. Lewis and Clark Commissioned by Jefferson
Establish relations
Notes about new land
1804 – 1806: 33 – 50 men depart
Meriwether Lewis
Committed suicide (depressed)
William Clark
lived a healthy life
Sacagawea
Died at 28, Son was raised by Clark

35. Issues of Neutrality
Why was the United States having a hard time staying neutral?
What does impressment mean? (In regards to the British practice during this time)
What effects did the H.M.S. Leopard v. U.S.S. Chesapeake event have on public opinion?

36. Issues of Piracy
How did the Barbary States of North Africa pose a threat to the early country?
How had Washington and Adams handled the Barbary pirates?
How did Jefferson handle the declaration of war

37. Jefferson and the Embargo
What was Jefferson’s plan to deal with neutrality?
What did the Embargo Act of 1807 and Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 attempt to do?
What effects did these actions have?
How does Jefferson’s foreign policy compare to the ideals stated in Washington’s Farewell Address?

38. Foreign Policy Europe is a battleground
Britain Controls sea
Jefferson wants to stay neutral
Americans making $$$$
No one respects America
Britain seizes 1,000 ships
Can make sailors serve them
Chesapeake Incident – kills 3 soldiers
France seizes 500 ships
What would you do if you were Jefferson???

39. Barbary Wars 1800 Pirates in Tripoli demand tributes Jefferson refuses
$225,000 up front
25,000 in yearly payments (Protection money)
Jefferson refuses
4 years of war = Marines

40. Embargo Act 1807 Ban on All Exports – IS THIS A GOOD IDEA?
Who was hurt?
Merchants
Exports dropped to 108 million
Used to be 200 million
Lifted in 1809
War with England and/or France seems inevitable
Non-Intercourse Act 1809

41. Rank the Foreign and Domestic Policies of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson1. 2. 3.
Explain your rankings and compare to modern times
Foreign 1. 2. 3.

42. Washington, Adams, and Jefferson Compare/Contrast – Domestic affairs, Foreign Policies, etc.