1. Crises in the Late Medieval Church

2. Specific Crises
New Heresies.
Schism.
Lay Reform.
Conciliarism.

3. Decline in the Medieval Church Political & Spiritual Poverty
Spiritual Authority
Temporal Authority
Political & Spiritual Poverty
Taxing the clergy [clericis laicos]
Royal courts vs. Church courts
Papal Bull [Unam Sanctam]
Marsilius of Padus [Defensor Pacis]

4. Decline in the Medieval Church Theological Differences
Official Church Beliefs
Heresies
Theological Differences
John Wycliffe-
John Huss

5. John Wycliffe and Jan Huss
John Wycliffe- followers called Lollards
Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes; challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiation—anticipates Protestantism
Jan Huss- proponent of Wycliffe in Bohemia. Hussites: followers of Huss
Rejected Wycliffe’s ideas on preisthood and sacrements.
Grafted Wycliffe’s other beliefs into an attack on German dominance of their kingdom.
rector of University of Prague—expelled and fired, appeared at the Council of Constance where he was tried and burned at the stake as a heretic.

6. The Hussite Wars [ ]

7. Decline in the Medieval Church
Popes
Church Councils [Conciliarism]
Internal Church Power
Innocent III- Papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent III strengthened the church politically, but weakened it spiritually—undermined popular support
Boniface VIII
The Avignon Papacy [ ]
Pisa
Constance
Basel

8. Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) vs. Philip the Fair (r. 1285–1314)
French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent
French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money to Rome; Boniface concedes
Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power
French army assault & molest Boniface, who later dies
Result: popes never again seriously threaten European rulers

9. The Avignon Papacy
Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome
To get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins
Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334)—most powerful Avignon pope
In 1377 Pope Gregory DIED while in Rome, Italians, afraid the French would appoint a new pope, so they surrounded the church and demanded an Italian be named- the scared Cardinals obeyed.

10. The Avignon Papal Complex

11. The Great Schism
Urban VI and Clement VII—rival popes; England & allies support Urban, France & allies support Clement
Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope- Popes didn’t like the idea that their authority was second to a council
Council of Pisa (1409–1410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to step down), elected Alexander V—three contending popes
Council of Constance (1414–1417): provided for regular councils every few years
Council of Basel (1431–1449): height of conciliar government of church; negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites)
Results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & secular governments

12. The Great Schism:

13. WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF THE GREAT SCHISM ON THE CHURCH AND SOCIETY??

14. Decline in the Medieval Church
FAITH [Scholasticism]
REASON [Roger Bacon & William of Ockham]
Intellectual Inquiry
Responsible for the new intellectual climate in Europe.
Dedicated Franciscan.
Believed in extreme poverty, that power to rule didn’t come from pope but from people,
Gov’t should be entirely secular
denied pope’s absolute authority in spiritual matters too.
Developed nominalism- denies that human reason can aspire to certain truth
Died of the plague but his ideas lived on, esp the Church being governed by a council
Peter Abelard [Sic et Non]
Thomas Aquinas [Summa Theologica]
Balance between faith and reason disintegrated in the 13th century.