1. Explanations for psychopathology

2. Supernatural Tradition
14th and 15th century: People turned to sorcery and magic to solve their problems
Individuals with mental disorders were possessed by devils and witches

3. Supernatural Tradition
Treatments included:
Exorcism
Shaving a cross in your hair
Securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church

4. Stress and Melancholy
During this time, an enlightened view of insanity came about
Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses
Treatment was rest, sleep, and a happy and healthy environment

5. The Moon and Stars
Some rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had a profound effect on people’s psychological functioning.
The word LUNATIC comes from the latin word luna, which means “moon”.

6. The Biological Tradition
Hippocrates is considered the father of modern medicine (450BC)
Suggested psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
Might also be caused by head or brain trauma
Could be influenced by heredity

7. Four Humours Roman Physician Galen (129-198AD)
Proposed that normal brain functioning is related to four bodily fluids or humours:
Blood from the heart
Black bile from the spleen
Yellow bile from the liver
Phlegm from the brain

8. 4 Humours
Psychological disorders were caused by too much or too little of 1 of the 4 humours
Example: too much black bile caused depression
Excesses of one or more humours were treated by regulating the environment to increase or decrease heat, dryness, moisture, or cold.

9. Hysteria On a side note, Hippocrates also coined the term HYSTERIA
It was noticed that it was mostly women who were crazy. They assumed that the empty uterus wandered to various parts of the body in search of conception. The cure was marriage or fumigation of the vagina to lure the uterus back.

10. Syphilis Syphilis is caused by bacteria entering the brain
It causes delusions and hallucinations
Results in death
Originally thought to be a psychological disorder, but it was the only one that caused death
We now know it can be cured by antibiotics

11. John P. Grey
In 1854, he proposed that insanity was ALWAYS due to physical causes
Treatment focused on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation
Conditions in hospitals greatly improved

12. Emil Kraeplin
-Contributed in the area of diagnosis and classification of Psychological Disorders
-Each psychological disorder has a different age of onset and time course to follow, along with a different cluster of presenting symptoms. His descriptions of Schizophrenia are still useful.

13. Biological Therapies in 1900’s
Electric shock therapy
Brain surgery
Insulin shock therapy
What was the problem with these?

14. 1950’s
The first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders were developed in a systematic way
Opium used as a sedative
Reserpine to tranquilize hallucinations and delusions
Benzodiazepines for anxiety

15. The Psychological Tradition
Moral Therapy: An approach to treatment in the 1800’s that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments
It was soon discovered that this type of therapy worked best in institutions
Dorothea Dix campaigned to reform the treatment of the insane. Her work became known as the mental hygiene movement

16. Freud’s Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy emphasizes the exploration of UNCONSCIENCE processes and conflicts
The unconscience mind influences the production of psychological disorders
Pioneered by Sigmund Freud

17. The Structure of the Mind
The mind has 3 significant parts: ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
The id is the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies. It is the animal within us.
The id operates according to the pleasure principle, with an overriding goal of maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts
The type of thinking is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy

18. EGO
The ego is responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy the id
Operates according to the reality principle
Thinking styles are logical, and reason is used.

19. SUPEREGO This is the conscience!
It represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and culture.
Its purpose is to counteract the potentially dangerous aggressive and sexual drives of the id.

20. Internal Conflict
The ego is constantly trying to stay on top of the warring id and superego.
Occasionally, their conflicts produce anxiety that threatens to overwhelm the ego.
Anxiety causes the ego to produce DEFENSE MECHANISMS

21. Defense Mechanisms
They are unconscious protective processes that keep emotions during conflict in check. Our ego must always keep control
There are 7 of them

22. Defense Mechanisms 1. Denial 2. Displacement 3. Projection
4. Rationalization
5. Reaction Formation
6. Sublimation
7. Repression
*Know what these mean and be able to give an example!

23. Psychotherapy Freud used many techniques to analyze his clients.
Free Association-explores threatening material repressed into the unconcious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.
Dream Analysis-Method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and internal conflicts

24. Humanistic Theory
Human nature reaches its fullest potential when we contribute to other individuals and to society.

25. Self-actualizing
Its the process emphasized in humanistic therapy, in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

26. Person-centered therapy
Therapy method in which the client rather than the counsellor, directs the discussion. The client seeks self-discovery and self-responsibility.

27. Unconditional Positive Regard
Having empathy for the client
Acceptance by the counsellor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation

28. Active Listening
Repeating what the client is telling you, without adding in any judgements, questions, or comments.

29. Behavioral Tradition
-In a classic study by Watson ( ) an 11 month old boy Little Albert ­ acquired a conditioned fear. Albert was introduced to a white rat, he showed no fear to it. When Albert tried to reach the white rat, a loud noise was produced which startled little Albert.
-This process was repeated for a number of trials, so little Albert learnt to be afraid of white rat or through classical conditioning; Little Albert acquired the fear or Phobia of white rat.

30. Operant Conditioning
When positive consequences follow a behavior, the behavior is rewarded and more likely to occur in future. Maladaptive and desirable behavior alike can be acquired through their consequences. When a child screams in the store for a toy, she gets her way because the parents want her to be quiet. The child learns that screaming produces rewards!
When an unwanted behavior leads to negative outcome, the likely hood that the unwanted behavior will occur in future is reduced. When an alcohol addict is given some irritating agent in his drink which causes vomiting and swatting, he learns to give up drinking alcohol.
How can this influence the development of a mental disorder?

31. Observational Learning
Stanford university professor, Albert Bandura, pioneered the analysis of observational learning or modeling which is process of learning behavior by observing others. It is learning through imitation.
How can this influence the development of a mental disorder?

32. Integrated Approach
We now realize that there is no one school of thought that can explain psychological disorders alone
Our behavior, both normal and abnormal, is a product of a continual interaction of psycholgical, biological, and social influences.