1. Ecological Succession
An Introduction…
What is succession and why does it occur?
What are the specific changes that take place during psammosere succession?

2. What is succession?
Succession is the orderly process of change over time in a community.
Change occurs directionally and is not related to seasonal change.
Changes in a community of organisms can cause changes in the physical environment that enable other communities to become established.
The new community eventually replaces the existing community through competition. Therefore, later communities tend to be more complex.
Succession often occurs in a number of identifiable stages, known as seral stages.

3. Seral Stages Stage 1: Colonisation Stage 2: Establishment
Pioneer species (adapted to hostile conditions) colonise an area.
Soils – simple soils begin to develop from windblown dust & minerals
Stage 2: Establishment
Increase in species diversity
Soils – increasing organic content, infiltration capacity & nutrients
Stage 3: Competition
Colonisation of new species  changes in microclimate
Larger plants increase & provide shelter  establishment of K-strategists as earlier R-strategists are out-competed
Stage 4: Stabilisation
Establishment of late colonisers  fewer new species colonise
Development of more complex food webs
Stage 5: Seral Climax
Final stage in succession: stable and self-perpetuating

4. Succession may begin as a result of the creation of new land (e. g
Succession may begin as a result of the creation of new land (e.g. sand deposition). Where no previous vegetation has existed, a process of primary succession takes place.
Succession may also occur due to disturbance that removes existing communities (e.g. forest fire). Where vegetation has previously existed on a surface, recolonisation and secondary succession may occur.
The first plants to colonise an area of land are known as pioneer plants. These plants often need to be resilient to relatively hostile conditions.
If succession continues to occur (undisturbed), it will reach a climatic climax. This is the final stage of succession, characterised by a balance between vegetation and environmental (soil & climate) conditions.
If succession is disturbed by human activity, a plagioclimax is reached.

5. Climax Communities
Succession occurs due to the complex interrelationship between climatic conditions, edaphic (soil) conditions and vegetation:
Climax communities are stable communities.
Change no longer needs to take place as a balance between climate, soil and vegetation is achieved.
Climate
Soil
Vegetation
Climate
Soil
Veg

6. Plagioclimax Communities
(a.k.a. Plagioseres)
Plagioclimax communities are also stable communities where change no longer needs to take place as a balance between climate, soil and vegetation is achieved.
Human factors that prevent a climatic climax community from developing include:
fires
agriculture/grazing
habitat destruction for roads, settlements, tourism & recreation etc

7. Subclimax Communities
A sere can be stopped/arrested at any stage by any biotic or abiotic factor:
waterlogging of soil
heavy grazing
The arrested sere is known as a subclimax community – development can continue if the arresting (limiting) factor is removed.

8. Succession vs Zonation
Succession refers to temporal changes in vegetation.
Zonation refers to spatial variations along an environmental gradient.
Succession
Zonation
temporal changes to an ecosystem
dynamic process
e.g. development of deciduous forest ecosystem
spatial variations along an environmental gradient (e.g. soil moisture content, salt %, altitude etc)
static process
e.g. clear vegetation zones on mountains
Nb: Sand dune ecosystems demonstrate both dynamic succession and also zonation of seral stages.

9. Psammosere Succession
Land created by sand dune formation is very hostile to plants.
Pioneer species must be adapted to survive in the following conditions:
High levels of salt
Exposure to strong winds
Abrasion by sand particles
High temperatures
Drought conditions
Occasional inundation by salt water
Very few plants have adapted to survive these conditions.

10. Sand Dune Formation
A combination of coastal processes lead to sand dune formation:
transportation of sediment (longshore drift, onshore winds)
deposition of sediment (constructive waves)
macro-tidal environment
A number of specific conditions are necessary:
small particle size ( mm)
large inter-tidal range
prevalence of onshore winds

11. What are the specific changes that take place in psammoseres?
To vegetation
(diversity, productivity, complexity)
To soil conditions
(depth, nutrients, pH, texture, moisture content/infiltration rate)
To climatic conditions
(wind, temperature, humidity)
To dunes
(slope gradient/dune size)
Species diversity
Changes during Succession
GPP
NPP
biodiversity
Time
Early Stage
Middle Stage
Late Stage
Low GPP
High & NPP (due to low respiration losses)
Little increase in biomass
GPP high
Increased photosynthesis
Increases in biomass as plant forms become bigger
 Trees reach maximum size
Ratio of NPP to R is roughly equal