1. The Respiratory System
13-A (17 Slides)
The Respiratory System

2. Ch 13 RESPIRATORY SYS OUTLINE
I Introduction
II Anatomy and Function of Pathway Organs To The Lungs
A. Nose … … F. Primary Bronchi
III Lung Anatomy & General Functions
A. Gross Anatomy, B. Respiratory Zone (micro)
IV Specifics of Respiratory Functioning– The 4 Events Of Respiration
A. Pulmonary Ventilation B. External Respiration C. Respiratory Gas Transport D. Internal Respiration
V. Control of Respiration
A. Neural Factors B. Chemical Factors
VI Respiratory Disorders

3. I. Introduction A. *Overall Functions
*Lungs: function?
*Gases = which ones exchanged?
B. *Passageways to the lungs: List organs
C. *Where gas exchange occurs: What particular part of the lungs?
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary
Bronchi
Lungs

4. Organs of the Respiratory System
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lung-alveoli
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Nostril
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Right main
(primary)
bronchus
Left lung
Right lung
Diaphragm

5. II. Anatomy & Functions of Pathway Organs to Lungs A. The Nose
1. External Opening of Nose = ?
2. Nasal Cavity
Olfactory receptors: function?
b. Respiratory mucosa:
- Air Warms: why?
Mucus: function?
Cilia: function
c. Conchae: Shape of lateral walls of Cavity and Function?

6. d. *Palate = define hard palate soft palate Disorder: Cleft Lip
A. Nose … 2. Nasal Cavity …
d. *Palate = define
hard palate
soft palate
Disorder: Cleft Lip

7. Parts … B. Paranasal Sinuses
Sinuses: around nasal cavity =
Functions:
Skull weight
2) speech:
3) mucus

8. Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Figure 13.2b

9. Parts … C. Pharynx = Throat
a. *Define:
b. *Substances that travel through the Pharynx: ?
c. *3 regions: what are they?
d. Auditory (Pharyngotympanic)
tubes
e. Tonsils (3):
Pharyngeal Tonsils
Palantine Tonsils
Lingual Tonsils

10. Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Posterior nasal
aperture
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior)
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Nasal meatuses (superior,
middle, and inferior)
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Nasal vestibule
Uvula
Nostril
Oropharynx
Hard palate
Palatine tonsil
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
Larynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Thyroid cartilage
Trachea
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
(b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
Figure 13.2b

11. Parts … D. Larynx (Voice Box)
1. Structure & location
a. *Tissue it is made of: ?
b. Thyroid Cartilage
c. Epiglottis
Location
Shape
Function
d. *Vocal Cords
- *Function
Epiglottis
Thyroid Cartilage

12. E. Trachea (Windpipe): 1. *Location: 2. Lined with: Mucus Cilia
*Function: Mucus and cilia together function how?
*“C” Cartilage parts: Why open in back?
Function: (1) pathway of air
(2) clean air
(3) food in esoph.
Cilia
Esophagus
Trachea

13. F. Main (Primary) Bronchi
= 2 tubes extend from:
And Go To:
Then, Bronchi subdivide:
= Bronchial Tree (to be continued)
Primary Bronchi

14. Heart (in mediastinum)
Posterior
Vertebra
Esophagus
(in posterior mediastinum)
Root of lung
at hilum
Right lung
Left main bronchus
Left pulmonary artery
Parietal pleura
Left pulmonary vein
Visceral pleura
Left lung
Pleural cavity
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Pericardial
membranes
Heart (in mediastinum)
Anterior mediastinum
Sternum
Anterior
(b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural
membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
Figure 13.4b

15. III. Lungs Anatomy & General Functions
A. Gross Anatomy
1. Composition
*Location:
*Diaphragm: location relative to diaphragm?
3. Parts: divided into lobes
Left lung—2
Right lung—3
4. *Coverings:
*Outside = Serosa Membrane: parts?
Pleural cavity
*Fluid: type?

16. (in pericardial cavity of mediastinum)
Intercostal muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Lung
Pleural cavity
Trachea
Visceral pleura
Thymus
Apex of lung
Left
superior lobe
Right superior lobe
Oblique
fissure
Horizontal fissure
Right middle lobe
Left inferior
lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Heart
(in pericardial cavity
of mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Figure 13.4a

17. 5. Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions
Function:
Parts:
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
etc …
Microscopic Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Lead to:

18. B. Respiratory Zone (Microscopic)
Alveolar Duct
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs):
STRUCTURE:
Tissue:
Surrounded by:
Alveolar macrophages:
Surfactant:
Alveolar Sac
Alveoli
Macrophage
Surfactant-
secreting cell
Inside an Alveolus
Red blood
cell in
capillary

19. 5. Respiratory Zone … Function of ALVEOLI:
*Respiratory Membrane = ?
*Gases exchanged at Respiratory Membrane = ?
Red blood cell
Endothelial cell
nucleus
Capillary
Alveolar pores O2
Capillary O2
CO2
CO2
Macrophage
Alveolus
Nucleus of
squamous
epithelial cell
Respiratory
membrane
Alveolar epithelium
Fused basement
membranes
Capillary endothelium

20. Figure 13.5b

21. IV. Specifics Of Respiratory Functioning– Four Events of Respiration
OVERVIEW
Pulmonary Ventilation—
moving air in & out of
the lungs
(2) External
respiration—
gas exchange
at alveoli
(3) Respiratory gas
transport—in blood

22. (4) Internal respiration— gas exchange between blood and cells
OVERVIEW …
(4) Internal
respiration—
gas exchange
between blood
and cells
Capillaries
Body Cells

23. III. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION– Four Events of Respiration … A
III. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION– Four Events of Respiration … A. Pulmonary Ventilation
Depends on volume of thoracic cavity and air Pressure
Increase volume  decreases pressure
Air flows from high to low pressure
Passive VentilationTwo phases
1. Inspiration = inhalation
Diaphragm contracts
External Intercostals contract
Result:

24. Active Ventilation 2. Expiration = exhalation Muscles relax Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Elasticity of lungs important
Active Ventilation