1. Networking INFO/CSE 100, Spring 2006 Fluency in Information Technology
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2. Readings and References
Fluency with Information Technology
Chapter 3, Making the Connection
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3. networks @ university of washington
Computers are useful alone, but are even more useful when connected (networked)
Access more information and software than is stored locally
Help users to communication, exchange information .. Changing ideas about social interaction
Perform other services -- printing, audio, video
Immediate answers: for example, Google
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4. Networking Changes Life
The Internet is making fundamental changes … the FIT text gives 5 ways
Nowhere is remote -- access to information is no longer bound to a place
Connection with others -- is great! But what about spam?!?
Revised human relationships -- too much time spent online could be bad
English is becoming a universal language
Enhanced freedom of speech, assembly
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university of washington

5. networks @ university of washington
Network Structure
Internet: all of the wires, fibers, switches, routers, etc… connecting named computers
Networks are structured differently based (mostly) on how far apart the computers are
Local area network (LAN)
A small area such as a room or building
Wide area networks (WAN)
Large area, e.g. distance is more than 1Km
What do you think a PAN might be?!?
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6. networks @ university of washington
Local Area Network
Mac disk and printers available on the nearby Windows PC
Windows disk and printers available on the nearby Mac
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university of washington

7. networks @ university of washington
Wide Area Network
instant messanger
world wide web
UW servers
Internet
router
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university of washington

8. networks @ university of washington
Protocol Rules!
To communicate, computers need to know how to set-up the info to be sent and to interpret the info received
Communication rules are a protocol
Example protocols:
Ethernet for physical connection in a LAN
TCP/IP -- transmission control protocol/internet protocol
HTTP -- hypertext transfer protocol (for the WWW)
FTP -- file transfer protocol (for transferring files)
4-Dec-18
university of washington

9. networks @ university of washington
LAN in the Lab
Ethernet is a popular LAN protocol
Recall that it’s a “party line” protocol
Connection to campus network infrastructure
Typical MGH or OUGL Lab PC PC PC PC PC PC
Ethernet Cable
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university of washington

10. networks @ university of washington
Campus & The World
The campus sub-networks interconnect computers of the UW domain which connects to the Internet via a gateway
The protocol used is TCP/IP
Switch
MGH
Homer
Gate
way
Dante
Student
washington.edu CS
Switch
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university of washington

11. IP -- Like Using Postcards
Information is sent across the Internet using the Internet Protocol -- postcard analogy
Break message into fixed size units
Form IP Packets with destination address, sequence number, and content
Each makes it way separately to destination, possibly taking different routes
Reassembled at destination forming message
Taking separate routes lets packets by-pass congestion and out-of-service switches
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university of washington

12. IP con’d DEST ADDRESS | SIZE | # | DATA Source Destination 4-Dec-18
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13. networks @ university of washington
A Trip to Switzerland
A packet sent from UW to ETH (Swiss Federal Technical University took 21 hops
UW Gateway
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14. networks @ university of washington
Check Internet Hops
There are numerous Trace Route utilities
Windows: tracert, OSX: Network Utility
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15. networks @ university of washington
Headers!
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16. networks @ university of washington
Naming Computers
Computers connected to the Internet are part of a network domain
A hierarchical scheme that groups computers
.edu All educational computers
.washington.edu All computers at UW
dante.u. washington.edu A UW computer
.ischool.washington.edu iSchool computers
.cs.washington.edu CSE computers
aloha.ischool.washington.edu an iSchool computer
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university of washington

17. networks @ university of washington
Domains
.edu, .com, .mil, .gov., .org, .net domains are the “top level domains” in the USA
Recently added TLD names include:
.biz, .info, .name, .pro, .aero, .coop, .museum, .tv
Each country has a TLD name: .ca (Canada), .es (Spain), .de (Germany), .au (Australia), .uk (England), .us (USA)
The FIT book contains the complete list of country domains
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university of washington

18. Naming Computers con’d
Computers are named by IP address, four numbers in the range 0-255
cse.washington.edu:
ischool.washington.edu:
Remembering IP address would be brutal for humans, so we use domain names
Computers find the IP address for a domain name from the Domain Name System (DNS)
An IP address-book for the computer
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university of washington

19. networks @ university of washington
Logical vs. Physical
There are 2 ways to view the Internet
Humans see a hierarchy of domains relating computers
Logical network
Computers see groups of four-number IP addresses
Physical network
Both are ideal for the “users” needs
Domain Name System (DNS) relates the logical network to the physical network by translating domains to IP addresses
Logical network composed of domain names
Physical network composed of IP addresses
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university of washington

20. networks @ university of washington
Anatomy of it All
Domain name:
dante . u . washington . edu
IP address:
Second-level
Top-level
Third-level
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21. Client/Server Structure
The Internet computers rely on the client/protocol: servers provide services, clients use them
Example servers: server, web server, ftp server
UW servers: dante, students, www
Frequently, a “server” is actually many computers acting as one, e.g. dante is a group of more than 50 servers
Protocol governs the communication
client packages a request and sends it to a server;
Server does the service and sends a reply
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university of washington

22. networks @ university of washington
World Wide Web
World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of web servers on the Internet
Subset of Internet computers
WWW is not the same as the Internet!
They give access to information using the HTTP protocol
The “server” is a web site computer and the “client” is a web browser (like Internet Explorer)
Many Web server’s domain names begin with www by tradition, but any name is OK
Often multiple servers map to the same site: moma.org and
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university of washington

23. networks @ university of washington
History of the WWW
Web beginnings
1989: Tim Berners-Lee
URLs, http, first browser (HTTP 1.0)
1993: NCSA Mosaic
HTTP 1.1 supported images
Then Netscape, then Mozilla
1994: World Wide Web Consortium
Standards organization for Web protocols and formats
1994-5: Web crawlers and search engines
WebCrawler, Lycos, AltaVista, Yahoo
While working as a software engineer at CERN, the main European high-energy physics lab, Tim Berners-Lee called attention to the reference problem, and proposed a way of dealing with it: links embedded in documents that specify location of another document, automated retrieval, simple format for text documents, means of displaying them.
Marc Andreessen and co-workers wrote Mosaic with public funding, then went off to form Netscape, which offered a browser based on Mosaic. This was the original no-apparent-business-model Internet company, because they offered their browser for free. No choice, as they were already taking flak for using a publicly funded tool as the basis for their product.
The W3 Consortium is the semi-official standards organization for the Web – semi-official in the sense that it can’t enforce its standards. Certain large companies with a lot of market share tend to ignore the standards or the desire for interoperability when it is convenient for themselves.
WebCrawler is often given credit for being the first crawler-based search engine. It was developed right here at the UW. Lycos, like Netscape, served as a model for later Internet companies. It holds the record for the fastest time from launch to IPO in the history of the NASDAQ. AltaVista was for years the main search site. It did not rank results, but had features available nowhere else that allowed the user to control the sort order for results. Only Ask Jeeves today has something similar.
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university of washington

24. networks @ university of washington
World Wide Web
URL -- uniform resource locator
Web page addresses
HTTP -- hypertext transfer protocol
Client-server communication rules
HTML -- hypertext markup language
A specifal format for making the pages universally readable by all clients
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university of washington

25. networks @ university of washington
Dissecting a URL
Web addresses are URL (uniform resource locator)
A server address and a path to a particular file
URLs are often redirected to other places
protocol =
Web server = www
domain = .cs.washington.edu
path = /education/courses/cse100/CurrentQtr/ dirs(folders)
file = calendar100
file extension = .html hypertext markup language
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university of washington

26. Client/Server Interaction
For Web pages, the client requests a page the server returns it: there’s no permanent connection, just a short conversation
Details of the conversation are specified by HTTP
Client
Server
request
reply
This is different from a persistent connection like FTP or a Terminal connection to Dante.
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university of washington

27. networks @ university of washington
Simple HTTP Request
request
protocol
method
GET /pub/WWW/TheProject.html HTTP/1.1
Host:
host
Method is like a command sent by the client to the server
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university of washington

28. A Typical Browser Request
GET /pub/WWW/TheProject.html HTTP/1.1
Accept: image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/msword, application/x-shockwave-flash, */*
Accept-Language: en-us
Accept-Encoding: gzip, dflate
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; APC)
Host:
Connection: Keep-Alive
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university of washington

29. networks @ university of washington
Server Response
HTTP/ OK
Date: Monday, 23 May :38:34 GMT
Server: Apache/ (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux)
Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan :11:55 GMT
Etag: "3f80f-1b6-3e1cv03b"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 438
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<html>
<head><title>A Sample Page</title></head>
<body> …
Web page is attached to the end of the response and sent back to the client
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university of washington

30. networks @ university of washington
Summary
Networking is changing the world
Internet: named computers using TCP/IP
WWW: servers providing access to information via the HTTP protocol
Principles
Local network of domain names
Physical network of IP address
Protocols rule: LAN, TCP/IP, HTTP
Domain Name System connects the two
Client/Server, fleeting relationship on WWW
4-Dec-18
university of washington