1. Cell Types and Cell Organelles
ORHS

2. Cell Theory Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of living things.
New cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Microscopes revealed the presence of cells and show their detailed structure.
Animal and Plant cells contain organelles
Organelles are “little organs”: small bodies that have a specific structure and function

3. Important Scientists for Cells
1665: Robert Hooke: Came up with the name cells while observing cork from a tree
1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Used single- lensed microscope to observe pond water
1838: Matthias Schleiden: Discovered that all plants are made of cells
1839: Theodore Schwann: Discovered all animals are made of cells

4. Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cell
Are extremely small
Do not have a nucleus
Have a cell wall with or without peptidoglycan
Lack membrane bound organelles
Bacteria are prokaryotic cells
Are larger cells
There is a nucleus present
Cellulose cell wall (plants only) or chitin (fungi only)
Contain many organelles
Have larger ribosomes
Everything except bacteria

5. The Nucleus- The Brain of The Cell
Structure
Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains pores
Functions
Contains the DNA (chromosomes) and nucleolus
Controls cell’s activities
Nucleolus makes ribosomes

6. Mitochondria: The Powerhouse
Structure
Usually oval, with a double membrane
Inner membrane (cristae) within outer membrane….inside is called the matrix.
Function
The site of cellular respiration, where ATP is made in both plants and animals
Important Info
Found in large numbers in cells requiring lots of energy.
Powerhouse of the cell

7. Chloroplasts - The Bakery
Structure
Small , flattened structure found in plants.
Surrounded by double membrane; has inner membranes inside (thylakoid membranes)
Contain chlorophyll
Function
Site of photosynthesis
(Change light energy into glucose )

8. Endosymbiotic Theory ‘Where did organelles come from?”
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria are particularly specialized organelles as they contain their own DNA and have complex membrane structures. Because of these complexity of these cells, scientists have a theory that these organelles are actually descendents of early prokaryotic cells that were engulfed (or taken in) by early eukaryotic cells.

9. Ribosomes- The Factories
Structure
Very small organelle
Can be free floating or can be attached to the ER
Function
Site where proteins are made (protein synthesis)

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) -The highway of the cell
Structure
System of membranes (channels and tubular canals) enclosing a fluid filled space
Surface covered with ribosomes
Function
Transports proteins which have been made in the ribosomes

11. Smooth ER & Rough ER No ribosomes present Makes and transports lipids.
Detoxify drugs in the liver.
Ribosomes are attached
Makes proteins for the cell to export
Modifies the content
Forms vesicles then carries contents to the Golgi

12. The Golgi Apparatus - The UPS
Structure
Group of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that have flattened sacs
Vesicles are often seen at the edges
Functions
Modifies, sorts and packages substances that are produced by cells (mainly proteins and glycoproteins)
Makes lysosomes

13. Lysosome - The Garbage Storage Bin
Structure
Round organelle surrounded by a membrane
Function
Contains digestive enzymes that are used to
Breakdown macromolecules into small molecules the cell can use (recycling)
digest invading cells or to destroy the cell if it needs to be replaced (so it’s also called a Suicide Bag!)

14. Vacuoles - Storage Tank
Structure
Membrane enclosed sacs for storage.
Function
Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Important Info
Plant cells contain one large central vacuole which provides support in the form of Turgor Pressure

15. Centrioles- the ushers
Structure
Paired structures located near nucleus
Only visible when cell is ready to divide
Function
Helps organize cell division
Important Info
Not found in plant cells

16. Cell Membrane : Gatekeeper of the Cell
Also called the plasma membrane
Structure
Found on the surface of animal cells and just inside cell wall of plants
Made of proteins and lipids
Functions
Regulates what goes into and out of the cell
Also provides protection and support
Has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals

17. Cell Wall: Supporter of Plant Cells
Structure
A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells.
Made mainly of cellulose (a carbohydrate)
Functions
Supports and strengthens plant cells
Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane.

18. The Cytoskeleton- The Backbone
Structure
Supporting structure and transport system
Network of protein filaments
Function
Helps the cell to keep its shape
Also helps cell move using things called microfilaments and microtubules

19. Plant vs. Animal Cell wall made of cellulose Have no cell wall
Have one large central vacuole
Contain Chloroplasts
Have no cell wall
Have many small vacuoles
No chloroplasts

20. 12. Plant Cell (Top) – pg. 175 Nucleolus Nucleus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (free)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome (attached)
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Vacuole

21. 12. Animal Cell (Bottom) – pg. 175
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (free)
Nuclear envelope
Cell membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome (attached)
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion

22. (On the back) Bacteria Cell – pg. 472
Ribosomes
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Peptidoglycan
A bacterium such as E. coli has the basic structure typical of most prokaryotes: cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Some prokaryotes have flagella that they use for movement. The pili are involved in cell-to-cell contact. The cell walls of eubacteria contain peptidoglycan.
Flagellum
DNA
Pili