1. Maintenance Respiration
Photosynthesis
Maintenance Respiration 6 4 2 6 15 30
Temperature (C)
g CO2 g-1 s-1 4
Growth Respiration
Foliage
g CO2 g-1 s-1
0.5
-10 25 60
Temperature (C)
g CO2 g-1 s-1 2
500
1000
PPFD (mol m-2 s-1) 6 4 2 6
500
1000
Ambient CO2 (ppm)
g CO2 g-1 s-1 4
g CO2 g-1 s-1
Sapwood 2
0.01
-10 25 60
Temperature (C)
g CO2 g-1 s-1 -1 -2
Foliage Water Potential (MPa) 6 4 2 6 1
Foliage Nitrogen (%)
g CO2 g-1 s-1 4
g CO2 g-1 s-1 2
Root
0.3
-10 25 60
Temperature (C)
g CO2 g-1 s-1
1500
3000
Vapor Pressure Deficit (Pa)
Figure 19.1
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. Carbon Dioxide Uptake (mg CO2)80
Photosynthesis 70 60
Shoot Respiration 50
Carbon Dioxide Uptake (mg CO2) 40 30 20
Root Respiration 10
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Figure 19.2
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
120
130
140
150
160
170
Beech
Maple
Growing Season (days)
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Elevation (meters)
Figure 19.3
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. 61 m Average Flowering Date: April 18 Average Flowering Date: April 12
North-Facing
45
South-Facing
10 000
9000
8000
7000
6000
Cumulative Degree-Hours Above 4.4C
5000
4000
South-Facing
3000
2000
North-Facing
1000
08-Feb-63
15-Feb-63
22-Feb-63
01-Mar-63
08-Mar-63
15-Mar-63
22-Mar-63
29-Mar-63
05-Apr-63
12-Apr-63
19-Apr-63
26-Apr-63
03-May-63
Figure 19.4
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. Figure 19.5
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. 1000 Height (mm) 100 10 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 Seed Weight (mg) 6 5
Chinese
chestnut
Honey locust
N. red oak
Height (mm)
100
White pine
Red maple
Yellow poplar
Sumac
Gray birch
Sweet birch 10
0.1 1 10
100
1000
10 000
Seed Weight (mg) 6
Sweet birch 5
Gray birch
Sumac 4
Yellow
poplar
White pine
Mortality 3
Red maple 2
N. red oak
Honey locust 1
Chinese
chestnut
0.1 1 10
100
1000
10 000
Seed Weight (mg)
Figure 19.6
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. Biomass Allocation (%)
Flower Buds
Flowers
100
Seeds 80
Leaves 60
Receptacles
Biomass Allocation (%)
Dead Leaves 40
Stems
Hypocotyl 20
Roots
August
September
October
Seedling
Mature
Figure 19.7
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. Biomass Allocation (%)
100 80
Foliage 60
Flower
Biomass Allocation (%) 40
Stem 20
6 Jul
15 Jun
27 Jul
17 Aug
7 Sep
21 Sep
5 Oct
Seedling
Mature
Figure 19.8
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. 8 40 5 10 15 20 25 Stem Diameter (cm) 50 100 150 200 Stem Biomass (kg)5 10 15 20 25
Stem Diameter (cm) 50
100
150
200
Stem Biomass (kg)
Jack Pine
Black Spruce
Aspen 6 30 4
Branch Biomass (kg) 20
Foliage Biomass (kg) 2 10 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25
Stem Diameter (cm)
Stem Diameter (cm)
Figure 19.9
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. 50 40 ) 2
Cool, wet 30
(0.15 m 2
per cm 2 )
Leaf Area (m 20
Warm, dry 10
(0.09 m 2
per cm 2 ) 50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Sapwood Area (cm 2 )
Figure 19.10
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. Typical Maturity (years)80
350
Average 70
300 60 50
100
150
200
250 50
Typical Maturity (years) 40
Typical Longevity (years) 30 20 10
Moderately Slow
Very Fast
Slow
Moderately Fast 50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Typical Longevity (years)
Shade intolerant
Shade tolerant
Figure 19.11
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12. 75 25 50
100
Competition
Disturbance
Stress C S R
C-S
S-R
C-S-R
C-R 75 25 50
100
Competition
Disturbance
Stress
100 25 75
Disturbance
Competition 50 50 75 25
100
100 75 50 25
Annual herbs
Stress
Biennial herbs
Trees and shrubs
Lichens
Perennial herbs and ferns
Bryophytes
Figure 19.12
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

13. Latitude (degrees North) Latitude (degrees North)50 50
Broadleaf
evergreen 40 40
Needleleaf
evergreen 30 30
Percent Of Land
Percent Of Land
Broadleaf
deciduous 20 20
Needleleaf
deciduous 10 10 90 75 60 45 30 15
-15
-30 90 75 60 45 30 15
-15
-30
Latitude (degrees North)
Latitude (degrees North)
Figure 19.13
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan