1. Programming in C
Pointer Basics

2. What is a pointer
In a generic sense, a “pointer” tells us where something can be found.
Addresses in the phone book
URLs for webpages
In programming, a pointer variable contains the memory address of
A variable
An array
Dynamically allocated memory
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3. Why Pointers?
They allow you to refer to large data structures in a compact way
They facilitate sharing between different parts of programs
They make it possible to get new memory dynamically as your program is running
They make it easy to represent relationships among data items.
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4. Pointer Caution
They are a powerful low-level device. Undisciplined use can be confusing and thus the source of subtle, hard-to-find bugs.
Program crashes
Memory leaks
Unpredictable results
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5. Java Reference vs. C Pointers
In Java, a reference variable is used to give a name to an object. The reference variable contains the memory address at which the object is stored.
Truck ford = new Truck( );
Since C does not support objects, it does not provide reference variables. However, C provides pointer variables which contain the memory address of another variable (sometimes called the “pointee”). A pointer may point to any kind of variable.
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6. C Pointer Variables
To declare a pointer variable, we must do two things
Use the “*” (star) character to indicate that the variable being defined is a pointer type.
Indicate the type of variable to which the pointer will point (the pointee). This is necessary because C provides operations on pointers (e.g., *, ++, etc) whose meaning depends on the type of the pointee.
General declaration of a pointer
type *nameOfPointer;
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7. Pointer Declaration
The declaration int *intPtr; defines the variable intPtr to be a pointer to a variable of type int. intPtr will contain the memory address of some int variable or array. Read this declaration as
“intPtr is a pointer to an int”, or equivalently
“*intPtr is an int”
Caution -- Be careful when defining multiple variables on the same line. In this definition
int *intPtr, intPtr2;
intPtr is a pointer to an int, but intPtr2 is not!
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8. Pointer Operators The two primary operators used with pointers are
* (star) and & (ampersand)
The * operator is used to define pointer variables and to deference a pointer. “Dereferencing” a pointer means to use the value of the pointee.
The & operator gives the address of a variable.
Recall the use of & in scanf( )
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9. Pointer Examples int x = 1, y = 2, z[10];
int *ip; /* ip is a pointer to an int */
ip = &x; /* ip points to (contains the memory address of) x */
y = *ip; /* y is now 1, indirectly copied from x using ip */
*ip = 0; /* x is now 0 */
ip = &z[5]; /* ip now points to z[5] */
If ip points to x, then *ip can be used anywhere x can be used so
*ip = *ip + 10; and x = x + 10; are equivalent
The * and & operators bind more tightly than arithmetic operators so
y = *ip + 1; takes the value of the variable to which ip points, adds 1 and assigns it to y
Similarly, the statements *ip += 1; and ++*ip; and (*ip)++; all increment the variable to which ip points. (Note that the parenthesis are necessary in the last statement; without them, the expression would increment ip rather than what it points to since operators like * and ++ associate from right to left.)

10. Pointer and Variable types
The type of a pointer and its pointee must match
int a = 42;
int *ip;
double d = 6.34;
double *dp;
ip = &a; /* ok -- types match */
dp = &d; /* ok */
ip = &d; /* compiler error -- type mismatch */
dp = &a; /* compiler error */
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11. More Pointer Code
Use ampersand ( & ) to obtain the address of the pointee
Use star ( * ) to get / change the value of the pointee
Use %p to print the value of a pointer with printf( )
What is the output from this code?
int a = 1, *ptr1;
/* show value and address of a
** and value of the pointer */
ptr1 = &a ;
printf("a = %d, &a = %p, ptr1 = %p, *ptr1 = %d\n",
a, &a, ptr1, *ptr1) ;
/* change the value of a by dereferencing ptr1
** then print again */
*ptr1 = 35 ;
printf(“a = %d, &a = %p, ptr1 = %p, *ptr1 = %d\n", a, &a, ptr1, *ptr1) ;
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12. NULL NULL is a special value which may be assigned to a pointer
NULL indicates that this pointer does not point to any variable (there is no pointee)
Often used when pointers are declared
int *pInt = NULL;
Often used as the return type of functions that return a pointer to indicate function failure
int *myPtr = myFunction( );
if (myPtr == NULL){
/* something bad happened */ }
Dereferencing a pointer whose value is NULL will result in program termination.
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13. Pointers and Function Arguments
Since C passes all function arguments “by value” there is no direct way for a function to alter a variable in the calling code.
This version of the swap function doesn’t work. WHY NOT?
/* calling swap from somewhere in main() */
int x = 42, y = 17;
swap( x, y );
/* wrong version of swap */
void swap (int a, int b) {
int temp;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp; }
Trace the execution of swap to show that this doesn’t work

14. A better swap( )
The desired effect can be obtained by passing pointers to the values to be exchanged.
This is a very common use of pointers.
/* calling swap from somewhere in main( ) */
int x = 42, y = 17;
swap( &x, &y );
/* correct version of swap */
void swap (int *px, int *py) {
int temp;
temp = *px;
*px = *py;
*py = temp; }
Trace the execution of swap showing how/where variables are changed
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15. More Pointer Function Parameters
Passing the address of variable(s) to a function can be used to have a function “return” multiple values.
The pointer arguments point to variables in the calling code which are changed (“returned”) by the function.
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16. convertTime.c void convertTime (int time, int *pHours, int *pMins) {
*pHours = time / 60;
*pMins = time % 60; }
int main( )
int time, hours, minutes;
printf("Enter a time duration in minutes: ");
scanf ("%d", &time);
convertTime (time, &hours, &minutes);
printf("HH:MM format: %d:%02d\n", hours, minutes);
return 0;
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17. An Exercise 4, 7 3, 7 What is the output from this code?
void F (int a, int *b) {
a = 7 ;
*b = a ;
b = &a ;
*b = 4 ;
printf("%d, %d\n", a, *b) ; }
int main()
int m = 3, n = 5;
F(m, &n) ;
printf("%d, %d\n", m, n) ;
return 0;
4, 7
3, 7
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18. Pointers to struct
/* define a struct for related student data */
typedef struct student {
char name[50];
char major [20];
double gpa;
} STUDENT;
STUDENT bob = {"Bob Smith", "Math", 3.77};
STUDENT sally = {"Sally", "CSEE", 4.0};
STUDENT *pStudent; /* pStudent is a "pointer to struct student" */
/* make pStudent point to bob */
pStudent = &bob;
/* use -> to access the members */
printf ("Bob's name: %s\n", pStudent->name);
printf ("Bob's gpa : %f\n", pStudent->gpa);
/* make pStudent point to sally */
pStudent = &sally;
printf ("Sally's name: %s\n", pStudent->name);
printf ("Sally's gpa: %f\n", pStudent->gpa);
Note too that the following are equivalent. Why??
pStudent->gpa and (*pStudent).gpa /* the parentheses are necessary */
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