1. Advanced Concepts in DNA
Chapter 10

2. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
Made of repeating nucleotides (subunit)
Nucleotide = sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, base
4 bases – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
A & G = larger purines
C & T = smaller pyrimidines

3. Chargaff (1949) – studies 
A always same % as T
C always same % as G
- so, _______________
= Chargaff’s Rules

4. Franklin, Watson, Crick
Double helix held together by weak Hydrogen bonds
Two strands run in opposite directions
= antiparallel
Are complementary

5. Genes = section of DNA that codes for protein
Alleles = different forms of gene
Homozygous & heterozygous alleles
Homologous chromosomes = paired chromosomes (23 pairs – 1 from each parent)

6. RNA = ribonucleic acid 3 structural differences b/t DNA & RNA DNA RNA
Sugar = deoxyribose
Sugar = ribose
Base = thymine
Base = uracil
Double helix
Single stranded

7. Transcription = DNA acts as template to make RNA

8. Translation
3 RNAs work together to assemble amino acids into a protein.
Every 3 base letters of mRNA stands for an amino acid = codon
Amino acids make up proteins

10. Mutations = heritable changes in a gene  mistakes Can be : - neutral
- harmful
- helpful

11. Variation in DNA
DNA Fingerprinting – used to compare reference samples to evidence samples
Examine several markers – a sequence of DNA base pairs associated with a specific trait.
The more matching markers, the more likely two samples from same person