1. Heart failure and cognitive dysfunction
James Ampadu, John E. Morley 
International Journal of Cardiology 
Volume 178, Pages (January 2015)
DOI: /j.ijcard
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2. Fig. 1
The potential factors involved in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction in heart failure. (APP=amyloid precursor protein; HIF-1=hypoxia inducible factor-1; IL-1=interleukin 1; IL-6=interleukin-6; TNF-α-1=tumor necrosis factor-α-1; BNP=brain naturetic peptide; ANP=atrial naturetic peptide).
International Journal of Cardiology  , 12-23DOI: ( /j.ijcard )
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3. Fig. 2
Simplistic view of how hypoxia disrupts the blood brain barrier. (HIF-1=hypoxia-inducible factor 1; bFGF=basic fibroblast growth factor; ANG-1=angiopoietin-1, VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor).
International Journal of Cardiology  , 12-23DOI: ( /j.ijcard )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
A simplified version of how inflammatory cytokines can cause cognitive defects in heart failure. PGE2=prostaglandin E2; IL=interleukin; TNF=tumor-necrosis factor; CRF=corticotrophin releasing factor; BBB=blood brain barrier; VEGF=vascular endothelial factor; BDNF=brain derived neurotrophic factor.
International Journal of Cardiology  , 12-23DOI: ( /j.ijcard )
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions