1. Plants, Animals and Ecology Notes

2. Bellwork Mon.:May 1, 2017
The dominant stuctures in mosses are the (sporophyte or gametophyte.)
The dominant stuctures in us and higher plants are the (sporophytes or gametophytes.)

3. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae
Plants
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae

4. What makes a plant a plant?
Cell wall primarily of cellulose

5. Starch as primary photosynthetic storage
product

6. Multicellular with tissue development

7. Chlorophylls a & b, xanthophylls, carotenoids

8. Plant evolution From simple to complex:
Seedless non-vascular: mosses, liverworts
2. Seedless vascular: ferns, horsetails

10. Plant evolution simplified
From simple to complex:
3. Seed producing, vascular:
cone bearing trees – pines firs…
4. Seed producing, vascular, fruits/flowers
monocots: one seed leaf
dicots: two seed leaves

12. Seedless/Nonvascular: Bryophytes: Mosses
Primitive plants
Need aquatic environment
Do not have vascular system to transport water
must remain small

13. In mosses, liverworts and hornworts the gametophyte is the dominant organism, not the sporophyte (it would be like the egg and sperm being the dominate organisms in humans)

15. Moss sporophytes and gametophytes

16. Moss sporophytes

17. Liverwort

18. Liverwort antheridiophore

19. Liverwort antheridiophore 2

20. Liverwort gemmae cups(cupules)

21. Hornwort
sporophytes
gametophyte

22. Seedless vascular Plants: Ferns
Leaves: fronds Sori: produce the spores Sporophyte is the dominant organism (like us)

23. Horsetail

25. Sori on fern leaflets

26. Fern gametophytes

27. Gametophyte w/antheridia
(prothallus)
Antheridia
sperm

28. Seed Producing Vascular plants: Gymnosperms
“naked seed” seed not enclosed in a fruit Seeds produced in cones Sporophyte is the dominant organism (like us)

29. Pinus staminate (male pollen) cones

30. Pinus Ovulate (female seed) cone (mature)

31. Cycadophyta (male)

32. Cycadophyta

33. Seed Producing Vascular Flowering Plants - Angiosperms
Seeds enclosed in a fruit (angio = container)
Like other pollen producers, is not dependent on water for fertilization
Monocots: 1 seed leaf, parallel veins
Dicots: 2 seed leaves, branching veins

34. Bellwork: Tues. May 2, 2017
Gymnosperms means ___________ seed. Angiosperms are _________________ plants, and have seeds enclosed by a _____________ or nut!
Fireman:

42. ironwoodwilson.wordpress.com

44. Flowers are the plant's reproductive structures.
Angiosperms are plants that bear fruits and flowers.
“Perfect” flowers both male and female.
“Imperfect” flowers are either male or female.
Most flowers and are brightly colored to attract insects to help them carry pollen used for sexual reproduction.

45. Some flowers are not colorful – like grass
Some flowers are not colorful – like grass. These flowers usually use the wind for pollination.
This flower has both male and female reproductive parts.

46. Flower

47. 696!!

49. Lie detect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPgpRw9tiuM
April

50. Anthers

51. Inflorescences

52. Vascular tissue
Transport water, nutrients and food between roots and shoots
System of xylem and phloem cells
Varied organization in roots & shoots

53. Xylem cells Tracheids Vessel elements Transpiration
Tapered, pits on ends, less capillary action vs. vessel elements
Primitive plants
Vessel elements
Pits on sides, open ends
Stacked to form long tubes
Advanced capillary action
Less primitive plants
Transpiration
Roots → shoots → leaves → out

54. Phloem cells Sieve tubes Companion cells Translocation
no nucleus nor organelles
Open sieve plates
Companion cells
Nucleated
Adjoined to sieve tubes via plasmodesmata
Controls sieve tubes; regulates movement
Translocation
Movement of sugars; sources to sinks
leaves → roots, fruits, &/or meristems

55. Plant Structure Apical meristem Ground meristem Mitotic division
Stem & root tips
Primary growth (length)
Ground meristem
Ground tissues:
Parenchyma – large; storage
Collenchyma – smaller; flexible support
Schlerenchyma – lignified; rigid support; woody
Cambium
Mitotic secondary growth
e.g. Vascular cambium
e.g. Cork cambium

56. Leaf bud
Ground meristem

57. Leaf bud Apical meristem
Mitotic embryonic tissue of stems and root tips
Primary growth (linear
Leaf bud
Provascular tissue
Ground meristem
Apical meristem

58. Monocot root Dicot root
Vascular bundles centered in roots
Cortex = outer layer
Pith = center tissue
Stele = pith + vascular tissue

59. Monocot root 2
Parenchyma
Pith (Parenchyma)

60. Monocot root 3
Endodermis

61. Dicot root 2
Parenchyma

62. Dicot root 3 Endodermis and casparian strip Pericycle Phloem Xylem
Vascular cambium

63. Vascular bundles Cambium Xylem, phloem, and cambium in between
Scattered throughout monocot stems
Organized around periphery of dicots
Cambium
Mitotic secondary growth
e.g. Vascular cambium
e.g. Cork cambium

64. Monocot stem

65. Monocot stem 2 Sclerenchyma Outside Phloem Sieve element
Companion cell
Xylem vessel
Air space
Inside

66. Dicot stem

67. Dicot stem 2
phloem
sclerenchyma
Vascular cambium

68. Woody stem
Summerwood
Springwood

69. Woody stem 2
Cork
Vascular cambium
Phloem
Phloem ray
Xylem

70. Woody stem 3
Cork (collenchyma tissue)
Vascular cambium

71. Fruit – ripened ovary that protects the seeds
Layers of the ovary
Pericarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp

72. Fleshy fruits One or more ovarian layer is fleshy Drupe Berry Pepo
Endocarp is hardened; pit or stone
Peaches, nectarines, apricots, etc
Berry
All or most pericarp is fleshy
Grape, tomato, etc
Pepo
Berry with hard thick rind
Melons, pumpkins, etc
Hesperidium
Berry with leathery rind
Citrus
Pome
Swollen receptacle around ovary or core
Apple, pear

73. Dry fruits Lacks fleshy tissue Dehiscent fruits Indehiscent
Split along a seam to disperse seeds
Legumes – two seams
Capsules – multiple seams
Bean, pea pods, peanuts, etc
Indehiscent
Do not split on a seam
Achenes, grains, nuts
Corn, wheat, etc

74. Simple fruits Aggregate fruits Multiple fruits Accessory fruits
Single ovary of one flower
Aggregate fruits
Many ovaries of one flower
Multiple fruits
Many ovaries of many clustered flowers (inflorescence)
Accessory fruits
Tissue other than ovary ripens (swollen)

75. Bellwork:old….
Fungi that prey on a host, like frogs, are _________________
Amphibians are known as _____________ species
Why is it important to be worried about the frogs?___________________________-