1. The Structure of flowering plants

2. There are about 30,000 species of flowering plant
Generally there is an underground root system and overground shoot system

3. 3 Types of roots
Tap roots – one main long root that comes from the radicle of the seed, lateral/secondary roots emerge from this and these usually have root hairs
Common in Dicots

4. 2 Fibrous Roots – formed when the radicle dies and leaves equal sized roots coming out of the stem
Common in Monocots

5. 3 Adventitious roots – these don’t grow from the radicle and are found in strange places!
Fibrous roots and the gripping roots of ivy are in this category

6. Functions of the root Anchor plant in soil Absorb water and minerals
Transport absorbed substances to the shoots
Some roots store food eg. Carrots, turnip and radishes

7. 4 zones in a root Zone of protection
Zone of cell production (Meristematic zone
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation

8. XYLEM
PHLOEM
DIFFERENTIATION
ROOT HAIRS
EPIDERMIS
ELONGATION
MERISTEM
CELL PRODUCTION
ROOT CAP
PROTECTION

9. Zone of protection
Root cap protects cells

10. Zone of cell production
has meristem cells that can divide and allow plants to grow Apical meristems are at tips of roots and shoots Lateral meristems are along the side of the plant

11. Zone of elongation
When the meristem makes cells they are very small and go to this zone to grow longer
Plant growth hormones stimulate this

12. Zone of diffferentiation
The cells made by the meristem develop into different tissues
These are
Dermal tissue for protection
Ground tissue found between dermal and vascular tissue (The flesh of the plant)
Vascular tissue – Xylem and Phloem which transport minerals and water around the plant

13. Stems The stem is the main part of the shoot
The stem carries leaves which emerge through points called nodes
The part of the stem between 2 points is called an internode

14. The tip of the stem has a terminal or apical bud – causes the stem to keep growing at the tip
Auxillary buds or lateral buds are located along the stem
Lenticels are found on stems and are openings for gas exchange

15. Functions of Stems Support aerial parts of plants
Transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and flowers
Transport food made in the leaves to the roots
They carry out photosynthesis when they are green
They may store food

16. Leaves
Some leaves do not have a petiole (they are joined directly to the stem) and are called sessile
Veins emerge from the midrib and these veins contain transport tissue like xylem and phloem

17. Sessile Leaves (No Petiole)

18. Venation
The pattern of veins is called venation and 2 types of venation are common

19. Parallel venation means that the veins run alongside each other
Parallel venation means that the veins run alongside each other. This pattern is found most monocots e.g. grasses, daffodils and tulips

20. Net or reticulate venation means that veins form a branching network throughout the lamina. This pattern is common in dicots e.g. horse chestnut, rose and buttercup

21. Functions of leaves Photosynthesis Gas exchange
Transpiration (water loss)
Food storage e.g. grasses, lettuce and cabbage

22. Tissues in flowering plants
When meristematic cells are going to divide they will specialise or differentiate into 3 categories of plant tissue
Dermal
Ground
Vascular

23. Dermal tissue
Location – Dermal tissue is like the skin on a plant e.g. epidermis
Appearance – Epidermis cells are living, rectangular cells
Function – To the protect the plant

24. Ground tissue
This occupies the area between the dermal and vascular tissues in a plant
This makes up most of the bulk of the young plant
It carries out a range of functions such as photosynthesis, storage of food and wastes and gives strength and support to the plant

25. Vascular Tissue Vascular tissue transports materials around the plant
It is a complex tissue because it consists of 2 types of cells
xylem – water and mineral transport
Phloem – transports food (products of photosynthesis

26. Xylem
Xylem is made up of 2 main types of cells, vessels and tracheids

27. Xylem tracheids
Are long tapering cells whose insides are hollow at maturity
They overlap and allow water to pass from tracheid to tracheid through thin parts of the wall called pits

28. Phloem
Sieve tubes transport food made by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant
Companion cells control the activities of the sieve tube elements
Phloem is found in the vascular bundles of roots, stems, leaves and flowers

30. Where are the different tissues in the root??

31. Where are the different tissues in stems??