1. Structure and Reproduction
Plants
Structure and Reproduction

2. Characteristics of Plants
Autotrophic
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Cell wall made of cellulose
Organelles including chloroplasts
Large, central vacuole

3. Plant Tissues
Dermal: outermost layer on leaves and stems; covered with a waxy layer called the cuticle
Vascular: used for transport
Ground: photosynthetic cells, support cells, and all other cells that are not dermal or vascular

4. Plant Structures Stems: Roots:
Usually the part of the plant that grows below the surface of the soil
Absorb water and minerals
Anchor the plant
Can store food
2 types—taproot and fibrous root
Stems:
Support leaves and flowers
Transport water and nutrients within the plant

5. Leaves: Can function to store food (ex: potato is an underground stem)
Node: place where leaves attach to stems
Leaves:
Organs where photosynthesis occurs
Has an outer dermal tissue with stomata
The stoma is surrounded by guard cells that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen & water to leave

6. Common features of leaves include:
Has an inner ground tissue, made of parenchymal cells, that has vascular tissue (the vein) within it
Common features of leaves include:
Blade: flat, broad section of the leaf
Petiole: short stalk that connects the blade to the stem
Veins: carry water, minerals and sugar
Can be simple or compound

7. Flowers: Compound leaves can be pinnate or palmate
Modified stems with specialized leaves and other structures for reproduction
Has 3 types of parts:
Male Reproductive Parts
Called the stamen
Made up of the anther (produces pollen) and the filament (supports the anther)

8. Female Reproductive Parts
Called the pistil
Made up of the stigma (the pollen lands here), the style (connects the stigma and the ovary) and the ovary (makes ovules)
Sterile Parts
Petals: brightly colored parts of the flower
Sepals: green, leaf-like structures that support the flower

9. Asexual Reproduction
It produces clones, genetically identical offspring
In a stable environment with abundant resources, asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction and produces offspring that are well adapted to the existing environment

10. Sexual Reproduction Results in seed formation
The seed is a plant embryo with its stored food
Advantages of seeds:
Can be spread out over great distances
Seeds can stay dormant for long periods of time
For flowering plants, sexual reproduction begins with the process of pollination

11. Pollination
Process of transporting pollen (male gamete) from the male flower parts to the female parts
Pollen is transported by wind, water, insects, or other organisms

12. Fertilization Pollen lands on the stigma
Pollen tube grows down through the style to the ovary
Sperm nuclei are carried along the pollen tube
Pollen tube enters the ovule
Sperm nucleus fuses with the egg and forms a zygote
A 2nd sperm nucleus fertilizes 2 polar nuclei to form a food-storing tissue called endosperm

13. Fertilization (cont.) Zygote develops into an embryo
Ovule becomes a seed
The rest of the ovary becomes a fruit, which will house and protect the seeds and help disperse the seeds to new locations

14. Plant Classification
Plants are divided into groups based on three key features:
The presence of vascular tissue
The presence of seeds
The presence of flowers
The groups are:
Nonvascular plants--mosses
Vascular seedless plants--ferns
Vascular seed plants
Gymnosperms (seeds in cones)--pines
Angiosperms (seeds in flowers)

15. Angiosperm Classification
Angiosperms can be classified in several ways
One classification system, based on the physical characteristics of the plant, is to divide them into the monocots and the dicots
Another classification system is based on life span

16. Monocot Monocot: Have a single cotyledon (leaves in the embryo)
Veins are parallel
Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem
Have fibrous roots
Floral parts in multiples of 3

17. Dicot Dicot: Have two cotyledons Veins are branched
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in the stem
Have taproots
Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5

18. Life Span
Annual: plants grow, mature, flower, produce seeds and die in one growing season
Biennial: complete their life cycles in two years
Perennial: live for more than two years
Sapphire flower
Petunia
Verbena
Foxglove
Lupin
Sunstar