1. The Language Of Medicine
8th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
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2. Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure
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3. Chapter Learning Objectives
Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language
Divide medical words into their component parts.
Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.
Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.
Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.
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4. Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1
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5. OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE
Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
Learn to use the tool of word analysis
DO NOT simply memorize
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.
A small difference in the spelling of a word accounts for a difference in the meaning
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6. QUICK QUIZ: All medical terms have: A. A Combining Vowel B. Two roots
C. A suffix
D. A prefix
Correct answer is C, all medical terms have a suffix. See page 5 of text.
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7. Answer
A suffix
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8. QUICK QUIZ: Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term?
A. Suffix
B. Prefix
C. Combining Vowel
D. Combining Form
Correct answer is B; the prefix is the element that appears at the beginning of a medical term.
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9. Answer
Prefix
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10. HEMAT/O/LOGY Word Analysis
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11. HEMAT/O/LOGY Word Analysis    root  suffix combining vowel
  
root  suffix
combining vowel
hemat means blood
-logy means process of study
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12. Word Analysis Important elements: Root: foundation of the term
Suffix: word ending
Prefix: word beginning
Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation
Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel
Combining vowel has no meaning of its own.
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13. Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
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14. Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM      root  root  suffix
    
root  root  suffix
combining vowels
electr means electricity
cardi means heart
-gram means record
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15. GASTR/ITIS Word Analysis
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16. GASTR/ITIS Word Analysis   root suffix gastr means stomach
 
root suffix
gastr means stomach
-itis means inflammation
Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix stars with a vowel (as in “-itis”)
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17. Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
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18. Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY      root  root  suffix
    
root  root  suffix
combining vowels
gastr means stomach
enter means intestines
-logy means process of study
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19. Word Analysis (cont’d.)
THREE General Rules:
Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across
Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”
Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology
When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, what often determines which root is listed first? (anatomical position)
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20. Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC
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21. Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix sub- means under
  
prefix root suffix
sub- means under
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to
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22. Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC
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23. Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix epi- means above
  
prefix root suffix
epi- means above
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to
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24. COMBINING FORMS aden/o _________ arthr/o _________ bi/o _________
carcin/o _________
cardi/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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25. COMBINING FORMS aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life
Combining Form Meaning
aden/o gland
arthr/o joint
bi/o life
carcin/o cancerous, cancer
cardi/o heart
. Refer to pp. 8 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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26. QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? arthritis
adenitis
adenoma
cephalic
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27. Answer
Adenitis
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28. COMBINING FORMS cephal/o _________ cerebr/o _________ cis/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
cephal/o _________
cerebr/o _________
cis/o _________
crin/o _________
cyst/o _________
. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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29. COMBINING FORMS cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o to cut
Combining Form Meaning
cephal/o head
cerebr/o cerebrum
cis/o to cut
crin/o to secrete
cyst/o urinary bladder
. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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30. COMBINING FORMS cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
cyt/o _________
derm/o or dermat/o _________
electr/o _________
encephal/o _________
enter/o _________
. Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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31. COMBINING FORMS cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin
Combining Form Meaning
cyt/o cell
derm/o or dermat/o skin
electr/o electricity
encephal/o brain
enter/o intestines
Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms using these word parts
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32. QUICK QUIZ: Term that means study of cells: cystoscopy cystitis
cytology
hematology
Correct answer is C, cytology.
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33. Answer
Cytology
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34. COMBINING FORMS erythr/o _________ gastr/o _________ gn/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
erythr/o _________
gastr/o _________
gn/o _________
gynec/o _________
hemat/o or hem/o _________
. Refer to pp for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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35. COMBINING FORMS erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gn/o knowledge
Combining Form Meaning
erythr/o red
gastr/o stomach
gn/o knowledge
gynec/o woman, female
hemat/o or hem/o blood
Refer to pp for definitions and medical terms made with these word parts.
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36. COMBINING FORMS hepat/o _________ iatr/o _________ leuk/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
hepat/o _________
iatr/o _________
leuk/o _________
nephr/o _________
neur/o _________
Refer to pp for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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37. COMBINING FORMS hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white
Combining Form Meaning
hepat/o liver
iatr/o treatment, physician
leuk/o white
nephr/o kidney
neur/o nerve
Refer to pp. 10 for definitions and for medical terms from these combining forms.
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38. COMBINING FORMS onc/o _________ ophthalm/o _________ oste/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
onc/o _________
ophthalm/o _________
oste/o _________
path/o _________
ped/o _________
Refer to pp for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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39. COMBINING FORMS onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease
Combining Form Meaning
onc/o tumor
ophthalm/o eye
oste/o bone
path/o disease
ped/o child
Refer to pp for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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40. COMBINING FORMS psych/o _________ radi/o _________ ren/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
psych/o _________
radi/o _________
ren/o _________
rhin/o _________
sarc/o _________
Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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41. COMBINING FORMS psych/o mind radi/o x-rays ren/o kidney rhin/o nose
Combining Form Meaning
psych/o mind
radi/o x-rays
ren/o kidney
rhin/o nose
sarc/o flesh
Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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42. COMBINING FORMS sect/o _________ thromb/o _________ ur/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
sect/o _________
thromb/o _________
ur/o _________
Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms..
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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43. COMBINING FORMS sect/o to cut thromb/o clot, clotting
Combining Form Meaning
sect/o to cut
thromb/o clot, clotting
ur/o urinary tract, urine
Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.
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44. SUFFIXES -ac _________ -al _________ -algia _________ -cyte _________
Combining Form Meaning
-ac _________
-al _________
-algia _________
-cyte _________
-ectomy _________
Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and medical terms made with these suffixes.
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45. SUFFIXES -ac pertaining to -al pertaining to -algia pain -cyte cell
Combining Form Meaning
-ac pertaining to
-al pertaining to
-algia pain
-cyte cell
-ectomy excision, removal
Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
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46. QUICK QUIZ: Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? -ectomy -scopy
-itis
-opsy
Correct answer is A, -ectomy, meaning excision, or removal.
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47. Answer
-ectomy
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48. SUFFIXES -emia _________ -genic _________ -globin _________
Combining Form Meaning
-emia _________
-genic _________
-globin _________
-gram _________
-ic, ical _________
Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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49. SUFFIXES -emia blood condition -genic produced by or in
Combining Form Meaning
-emia blood condition
-genic produced by or in
-globin protein
-gram record
-ic, ical pertaining to
Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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50. SUFFIXES -ion _________ -ist _________ -itis _________ -logy _________
Combining Form Meaning
-ion _________
-ist _________
-itis _________
-logy _________
-oma _________
Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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51. SUFFIXES -ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation
Combining Form Meaning
-ion process
-ist specialist
-itis inflammation
-logy process of study
-oma tumor, mass, swelling
Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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52. SUFFIXES -opsy _________ -osis _________ -pathy _________
Combining Form Meaning
-opsy _________
-osis _________
-pathy _________
-scope _________
-scopy _________
Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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53. SUFFIXES -opsy process of viewing -osis condition, usually abnormal
-pathy disease condition
-scope instrument to visually examine
-scopy process of visually examining
(with an endoscope)
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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54. SUFFIXES -sis _________ -tomy _________ -y _________
Combining Form Meaning
-sis _________
-tomy _________
-y _________
Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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55. SUFFIXES -sis state of; condition -tomy process of cutting
Combining Form Meaning
-sis state of; condition
-tomy process of cutting
-y process, condition
Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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56. PREFIXES a-, an- _________ aut-, auto _________ dia- _________
Combining Form Meaning
a-, an- _________
aut-, auto _________
dia- _________
end-, endo- _________
epi- _________
ex- _________
Refer to pp for definition and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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57. PREFIXES a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto self, own
Combining Form Meaning
a-, an- no, not, without
aut-, auto self, own
dia- through, complete
end-, endo- within
epi- above, upon
ex- out
Refer to pp for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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58. PREFIXES exo- _________ hyper- _________ hypo- _________ in- _________
Combining Form Meaning
exo- _________
hyper- _________
hypo- _________
in- _________
peri- _________
pro- _________
Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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59. PREFIXES exo- outside of, outward hyper- excessive, above, more
Combining Form Meaning
exo- outside of, outward
hyper- excessive, above, more
hypo- deficient, below, under, less
in- into, in
peri- surrounding, around
pro- before, forward
Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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60. PREFIXES re- _________ retro- _________ sub- _________
Combining Form Meaning
re- _________
retro- _________
sub- _________
trans- _________
Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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61. PREFIXES re- back, backward, again retro- behind sub- below, under
Combining Form Meaning
re- back, backward, again
retro- behind
sub- below, under
trans- across, through
Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes.
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?
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62. Pronunciation of Terms
When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example:
ā as in āpe
ō as in ōpen
When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example:
ă as in ăpple
ŏ as in pŏt
Review long and short vowel sounds with the students.
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63. Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d.)
Examples:
adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs
biology bī-OL-ō-jē
cephalic se-FĂL-ik
iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JEN-ik
resection rē-SEK-shŭn
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64. Why does the PN Student need to know this information?
Physician Orders
Professional letters
Medical forms
Be knowledgeable to public
To communicate with other health care personnel
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