1. Megan Chu, Erica Isom, Anessa Byerman, Faith Huynh Period 4
Chapter 3: Migration
Megan Chu, Erica Isom, Anessa Byerman, Faith Huynh
Period 4

2. What are migration and mobility?
Migration is a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location
Two types of migration are international migration which is the movement across a country’s borders and internal migration which is the movement within a country’s borders.
Mobility is all types of movement from one location to another
Whether it is walking to the park or driving to work, mobility is known as a non-permanent movement from one place to another.

3. What is an intervening obstacle?
An intervening obstacle is an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
It is something that you cannot control but does not allow you to migrate to your new designated location.
For example, if someone were to want to migrate to North America for a job opportunity, but could not afford the airfare and the average cost of living, money would be considered an intervening obstacle.

4. Where is the U. S. center of population
Where is the U.S. center of population? Which direction has it been moving?
A center of population is defined to be the point at which a flat surface representation would balance if equal weights were placed upon it and each weight represented a person.
The current U.S. center of population is located in Plato, Missouri. However, it seems to be moving southwest.
The pattern has followed a trail that has reflected the sweep across the center of the United States.

5. What is a brain drain?
A brain drain is large-scale emigration by talented or very well-educated people
When a brain drain takes place, a country can be harmed in two ways. With each emigrant, the supply of that profession decreases. Also, because those professionals make a large salary, the country loses a significant consumer spender.
Mexico has been experiencing brain drain in the past few years as many of their talented people cross the border into America to create a better lives for themselves.

6. What is net-in and net-out migration?
Net-in migration is a positive net migration where the number of immigrants exceed the number of emigrants.
Net-out migration is a negative net migration where the number of emigrants exceed the number of immigrants.
Net-in migration exists in the US, where the rate of migration is 20 people per 100 individuals per year. The net-out migration of the US is sometimes -5 people per 100 individuals per year.

7. What is forced migration?
Forced migration is defined as permanent movement usually caused by cultural factors
The main international causes for forced migration are slavery and political instability. During the 18th and 19th centuries, millions of people were shipped from Africa to the countries in the Western Hemisphere as slaves.
People also are forced to migrate through extreme physical conditions. For example, thousands of people were forced for migrate from the Sahel region in Africa because of drought conditions.

8. What is a refugee?
A refugee is a person who migrates from their native country from fear of persecution because of either their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group or political opinion.
There are about million total refugees living in the world. This is a very large increase compared to the 3 million refugees there were in the 1970s, however, it is a decrease from the 18 million there were in the 1990s.
Nearly 70% of all refugees today reside in a country in Africa. For example, during 1994, to escape the genocide in their country, Rwandans fled to Burundi, the Dem. Republic of Congo and Tanzania.

9. Who were the boat people?
‘Boat people’ was the name given to Vietnamese refugees who fled from their communist government by going across the seas using fishing boats.
After the U.S. withdrew from the Vietnam War, North Vietnam sought revenge on those who tried to fight the north, leading to over 1.5 million people to illegally leave Vietnam and go across the South China Sea to other countries.
The U.S. took 823,000 refugees, Britain accepted 19,000, France took 96,000 and Australia and Canada took 137,000 each.

10. What are the characteristics of the major waves of immigration to the United States?
Migration is a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location.
Major migration waves were always fueled by a variety of push/pull factors. Push factors include religious persecution, lack of resources, etc. Pull factors include economic opportunities, religious freedom, etc.
In the 1840’s, there was a major wave of immigration from Germany due to the potato famine.

11. What is counterurbanizati0n?
Counterurbanization is net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.
People are motivated to move from cities to suburbs due to lifestyle. Some choose to work in factories, small services, or run a farm, etc. over a busy city life. The cost of land for retirement is also lower.
In the United States, counterurbanization is mostly seen around the Rocky Mountain states.

12. Works Cited
Trueman, Chris. "Vietnamese Boat People." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec
"The Vietnamese Boat People." Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec
Rosenberg, Matt. "Refugees." Geography. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec
Rubenstein, James M. "The Cultural Landscape." An Introduction to Human Geography. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec
"Forced Migration." Quazoo. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec
"Brain Drain." Investopedia. Investopedia, LLC, n.d. Web. 13 Dec
"Migration Push/Pull Factors. Migration Push/Pull Factors. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2014
Clark, Mr. "Population and Migration." Mr.Clark's Guide to Geography. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec
"Feature Column from the AMS." American Mathematical Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec