1. Thermal Physics - Thinking map
Starter: On your page draw a diagram to represent
particles in a solid, liquid and a gas.
Discuss: share your ideas, add to your picture if you want to.
Key terms: Heat and Temperature.
Discuss what you think these terms mean.
On your page, show how you think heat and temperature relate to the diagrams you have drawn.

2. How do thermometers work?
When you use a thermometer how does is measure the temperature? Draw a thermometer so that it is measuring the temperature of your solid, liquid or gas. Add annotations to explain how it works.
Heat transfer
Add to your thinking map to show how heat can be transferred between two substances. There are three ways of heat transfer – Can you explain how they all work?

3. Kinetic particle model
Crystalline Solid Liquid Gas
Solid phase is characterised by high density and the molecules are at fixed positions. Inter-molecular forces are strongest and keep molecules in position.
Gas phase, the molecules experience little resistance to motion and move freely about. The average distance between molecules is large.
Liquid phase, the density is less and the molecules further apart. Molecules are free to move about, thus the distance between them is not fixed.

4. HEAT
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy. When an object is heated its internal energy increases. Internal energy can be kinetic energy or potential energy.
Energy is measured in Joules (J)
If a match burns completely it produces 2000J
You use about 10MJ a day, 4kJ a minute when sleeping,
20kJ a minute when dancing.

5. Temperature
Temperature is identified as a measure of the average kinetic energy per particle. The average translational kinetic energy of particles in a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
The higher the temperature the faster the particles are moving on average.

6. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If object A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with object C, then objects A and B are each in equilibrium with each other.
i.e. Objects which are in equilibrium with each other must be at the same temperature!

7. First Law of Thermodynamics
If heat is added to a closed system this is equal to the change in internal energy of the system plus the work done by the system.
Q = ΔU + W
Where Q = Thermal energy added to the system (J)
ΔU = Internal energy (J) : The KE of the molecules
W = work done by system (J) ( -ve if work done on the system)