2. Using Traits to Understand Behavior
Different approaches:
The Single-Trait Approach
The Many-Trait Approach
The Essential-Trait Approach
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach

3. The Essential-Trait Approach
Odbert and Allport found over 4,500 adjectives that describe personality traits
17,953 adjectives overall (but some were not traits)
Are all of these really independent of each other?
Essential Approach tries to find how many and which traits are essential

4. The Big Five: History Allport and Odbert (1936) Cattell (1943)
17,953 trait terms
Cattell (1943)
Factor analysis finds 35 clusters
Fiske (1949)
Factor analysis results in 5 factors
Tupes & Christal (1961)
Replicate Fiske
Norman (1963) replicates Tupes & Christal, and writes a review about these “big five” traits
Surgency (extraversion)
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional stability
Culture

5. Essential Trait
Big-Five Inventory

6. E
1, 11, 16, 26, R 6, 21, 31 A
7, 17, 22, 32, 42 R 2,12, 27, 37 C
3, 13, 28, 33, 38 R 8, 18, 23, 43 N
4, 14, 19, 29, 39 R 9, 24, 34 O
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44 R 35, 41 R
1 = 5
2 = 4
3 = 3
4 = 2
5 = 1

7. Agreeableness Trust Straightforwardness Altruism Compliance Modesty
Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man.   
Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.
Trust
Straightforwardness
Altruism
Compliance
Modesty
Tender-mindedness

8. Extraversion Warmth Gregariousness Assertiveness Activity
Excitement seeking
Positive emotions
Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled.   
Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence

9. Conscientiousness Competence Order Dutifulness Achievement striving
Self-discipline
Deliberation
Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon.   
Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.

10. Neuroticism Anxiety Angry hostility Depression Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability
Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace).   
Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.

11. Openness to Experience
Fantasy
Aesthetics
Feelings
Actions
Ideas
Values
Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways.   
C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.

12. The Big Five Also known as the Five-Factor Model Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness to Experience
OCEAN

13. Example Preadolscent girls and risk behavior Subjects were 160 girls
Markey, Markey, and Tinsley 2003
Subjects were 160 girls
5th grade mothers completed BFI and girls pubertal development was assessed
6th grade girls reported engagement in risky behaviors
e.g., smoking, drinking, deep kissing, etc.

14. Results Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness Puberty .29
Extraversion
.10
Agreeableness
-.38
Conscientiousness
-.42
Neuroticism
.03
Openness
-.04

15. Results

16. Results Demonstrates predictive power of the Big-5
Demonstrate show traits can interact with other elements (e.g., pubertal development) to create different behaviors

17. Using Traits to Understand Behavior
Different approaches:
The Single-Trait Approach
The Many-Trait Approach
The Essential-Trait Approach
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach

18. The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
Trait approaches tend to be “one-dimensional”
They only consider one trait at a time
“He is extraverted”
Pro: Simple and automatic
Con: Not all extraverts act the same

19. The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person
An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person

20. The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person
Warm
An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person
Controlling

21. The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
This approach examines how traits “blend” together within an individual

22. Rate on a scale of 1 – 8 1 = Extremely inaccurate description of self 8= Extremely accurate description of self
1) Self-assured
2) Softhearted
3) Self-confident
4) Accommodating
5) Assertive
6) Gentlehearted
7) Persistent
8) Tenderhearted
9) Firm
10) Charitable
11) Dominant
12) Tender
13) Forceful
14) Sympathetic
15) Domineering
16) Kind

23. Score
Dominance
(your score – 40) / 10
Warmth
(your score – 50) / 10

24. Interpersonal Circumplex
Cold
Warm

25. Interpersonal Circumplex
Dominant 2 1 -1 -2
Submissive

26. Interpersonal Circumplex
Dominant
Cold
Warm
Submissive

27. The Interpersonal Circumplex

28. The Interpersonal Circumplex

29. IPIP-IPC Warm-Agreeable Am interested in people. Reassure others.
Inquire about others’ well-being.
Get along well with others.
Markey & Markey, 2009

30. IPIP-IPC Gregarious-Extraverted Start conversations.
Love large parties.
Feel comfortable around people.
Talk to a lot of different.
Markey & Markey, 2009

31. IPIP-IPC Assured-Dominant Do most of the talking.
Demand to be the center of attention.
Speak loudly.
Demand attention.
Markey & Markey, 2009

32. IPIP-IPC Arrogant-Calculating Cut others to pieces. Contradict others.
Snap at people.
Have a sharp tongue.
Markey & Markey, 2009

33. IPIP-IPC Cold-Hearted Believe people should fend for themselves.
Don’t fall for sob-stories.
Don’t put a lot of thought into things.
Am not interested in other people’s problems.
Markey & Markey, 2009

34. IPIP-IPC Aloof-Introverted Am a very private person. Don’t talk a lot.
Have little to say.
Am quiet around strangers.
Markey & Markey, 2009

35. IPIP-IPC Unassured-Submissive Dislike being the center of attention.
Let others finish what they are saying.
Speak softly.
Seldom toot my own horn.
Markey & Markey, 2009

36. IPIP-IPC Unassuming-Ingenuous Tolerate a lot from others.
Take things as they come.
Seldom stretch the truth.
Think of others first.
Markey & Markey, 2009

37. The Interpersonal Circumplex
The IPC can help us understand sex – well at least who does it the most!
Markey & Markey, 2007

38. Sex "Sex is a conversation carried out by other means.”
"Sex with love is the greatest thing in life. But sex without love -- that's not so bad either."

39. Sex and Personality
What accounts for different people’s willingness (or lack thereof) to engage in sexual relations with multiple partners? 
Who has multiple partners?
High Extraversion
Low Agreeablness

40. Method Participates Measures 210 participants IAS
105 men and 105 women
Measures
IAS
Sexual promiscuity (different levels of intimacy)
1) One minute continuous lip kissing
2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
4) Sexual intercourse

41. Results 1) Men reported more partners for:
1) One minute continuous lip kissing
2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
4) Sexual intercourse

42. Results
2) For both males and females dominance was positively related to:
1) One minute continuous lip kissing
2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
4) Sexual intercourse

43. Results 3) Warmth had a quadratic relationship with:
1) One minute continuous lip kissing
2) Manual manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
3) Oral manipulation of nude partner’s genitals
4) Sexual intercourse

46. Interpersonal Circumplex
Note: the IC measures 2 FFM traits
By using only 2 traits you can actually measure 8 personality characteristics
This number can actually be even larger!

48. The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
What if we add another dimension to the IC?
Consider 3 dimensions simultaneously
Markey & Markey, under review

49. Rate on a scale of 1 – 8 1 = Extremely inaccurate description of self 8= Extremely accurate description of self
Reliable
Careful
Organized
Dependable
Thorough
Methodical
Persistent
Efficient

50. The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
Extraversion and Agreeableness
Conscientious
Contains interpersonal information
Together EAC are the “largest” factors of the FFM
“The Big 3”

51. The Interpersonal Sphere
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness
90o
45o
180o
225o
135o
270o
90o
Dominance 0o
Warmth
45o
315o 0o
Warmth
-45o
-90o

52. Warm
Dominating
Conscientious
Longitude
Latitude
Example Item
1. Warm
1.00
0.00
Get along well with others.
2. Cold
-1.00
180
Want to be left alone.
3. Dominating 90
Do most of the talking.
4. Submissive
270
Seldom toot my own horn.
5. Conscientious
Do things in a logical order.
6. Unconscientious
-90
Leave my work undone.
7. Ambitious
0.577 45 35
Take the initiative.
8. Boisterous
-0.577
-35
Let myself go.
9. Honest
315
Try to follow the rules.
10. Docile
Tolerate a lot from others.
11. Unyielding
135
Give in to no one.
12. Dishonest
Don't care about rules.
13. Stuffy
225
Seldom joke around.
14. Lethargic
Excel in nothing at all.
15. Extraverted
0.707
Start conversations.
16. Introverted
-0.707
Don't talk a lot.
17. Disagreeable
Snap at people.
18. Agreeable
Think of others first.
19. Driven
Seek to be the best.
20. Passive
-45
Let things proceed at their own pace.
21. Reckless
Rush into things.
22. Cautious
Take precautions.
23. Dependable
Seldom forget appointments.
24. Unreliable
Break my promises.
25. Sensitive
Laugh and cry at the same time.
26. Stolid
Don't fall for sob-stories.

53. The Interpersonal Sphere
Conscientious
Conscientious
Stolid
Stolid
Conscientious
Conscientious
Driven
Unyielding
Driven
Cold
Stuffy
Cold
Stuffy
Introverted
Cautious
Disagreeable
Introverted
Dependable
Dependable
Honest
Dominating
Honest
Ambitious
Dominating
Ambitious
Submissive
Submissive
Dishonest
Dishonest
Lethargic
Unreliable
Lethargic
Agreeable
Extraverted
Boisterous
Unreliable
Agreeable
Extraverted
Boisterous
Reckless
Passive
Warm
Reckless
Passive
Warm
Docile
Docile
Unconscientious
Sensitive
Unconscientious
Sensitive
Unconscientious
Unconscientious
Front Back
Front Back

54. Using Traits to Understand Behavior
Different approaches:
The Single-Trait Approach
The Many-Trait Approach
The Essential-Trait Approach
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach

55. Conclusion Personality is a unique “blend” of traits
Like chemistry’s periodic table
Elements do not exist in a vacuum
Combine together!
H20, NH3, CO2, etc.