1. Cognitive neuroscience: the toolbox David Poeppel, NYU

2. Hand scanner Phrenology (bad idea) Organology (good idea)
Franz Josef Gall

3. Two enduring ideas deriving from Gall
• Faculty psychology
The mind has a ‘parts list.’
• Experience-dependent plasticity
Using the parts changes
their neuronal realization.

4. The ‘where’-question is an important intermediate step -- the homework problem.
To begin to address ‘how’ questions, the focus needs to be shifted to coding and computation.
The next wave of phrenology will be a “computational
organology”.

5. Phineas Gage, 1848
Before: responsible, well-mannered, well-liked, efficient worker, pious
After: capricious, impulsive, irreverent, hypersexual
Damage involved VMPFC

6. These books are easy [CP Opi [IP PRO to read ti]]
Broca Broca’s Area
1861

7. Relating brain and behavior: the one-slide historical retrospective
• Behavior - psychophysics - judgments
old and new
• Interfering with function
old - deficit-lesion data/neuropsychology (1860s)
new - transcranial magnetic stimulation (1990s)
• Electromagnetic monitoring
old - EEG/ERP (1930s)
newer - clinical intracranial recordings (1950s)
newest - MEG (1980s)
• Computational modeling
middle aged (1960s)
• Hemodynamic monitoring
oldest of the new - PET (1980s)
new and dominant - fMRI (1990s)
middling but renewed - NIRS (2000s)

8. Spatial scale
Time scale

10. resonance imaging (fMRI)
Positron emission
tomography
(PET)
Excellent spatial
resolution (~1-2mm)
Poor temporal
resolution (~1sec)
Hemodynamic
techniques
Electro-magnetic
Functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI)
Non-invasive
recording from
human brain
(Functional
brain imaging)
Electro-
encephalography
(EEG)
Reasonable spatial
resolution (~1cm)
Excellent temporal
resolution (<1msec)
Magneto-
encephalography
(MEG)
D. Poeppel , A. Braun et al.