1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

2. The overall goal of protein synthesis is to make proteins, which are needed everywhere in our body in order to function.
Protein Synthesis Intro (3:35)

4. There are 2 parts to Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Translation

5. DNA is a blueprint that makes you who you are.
More specifically DNA is a blueprint to make RNA or Ribonucleic Acid.
Ameoba Sisters DNA vs RNA (4:43)
RNA Brain Pop

6. DNA vs. RNA Double Stranded Single stranded Adenine – Thymine
Adenine – Uracil (thymine is replaced by uracil)
Cytosine – Guanine
Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose sugar

7. Transcription: The copying (or writing) of DNA to form mRNA

8. Types of RNA
mRNA – messenger RNA, carries the DNA code for the protein to the ribosome.
tRNA – transfer RNA, carries amino acids to ribosome to construct the protein
rRNA- Ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosomes

9. Transcription: occurs in the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells.
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
RNA polymerase
DNA
RNA

10. DNA cannot leave nucleus because of its size, therefore genetic information must be copied into smaller pieces
These small sections of DNA are called genes and are copied into single strands of RNA.

11. Steps in Transcription
Helicase: unwinds DNA helix
RNA Polymerase: finds and matches free floating RNA nucleotides to DNA. These free nucleotides once put in order forms the RNA.
- When it reaches the stop sequence, polymerase detaches and RNA is free.

12. Steps cont.
3. Ligase: seals back the bases in the DNA Helix with hydrogen bonds
The RNA strand, now called mRNA, leaves the DNA molecule and the nucleus.
4. Gyrase: winds up the DNA strand.
Transcription Animation

13. Transcribing rules: DNA to mRNA
A to U
T to A
C to G
G to C

14. Let’s Practice DNA AAT CCG GCG TAT mRNA UUA GGC CGC AUA
Transcription - DNA Learning

15. Now that the RNA strands are written (transcribed) they are sent out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell.
Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA finds a ribosome - our protein making factories.

16. Translation: mRNA is used as a written code to form proteins.

17. During translation mRNA works with other types of RNA to build proteins by joining amino acids.

18. The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the connection between nucleotide triplets in DNA to amino acids to proteins.

19. Codons
Every three nucleotide bases in mRNA specify a particular amino acid.
This nucleotide triplet is called a codon.
9 bases=
15 bases=
3 bases=
3 codons = 3 Amino Acids
5 codons = 5 Amino Acids
1 codon= 1 Amino Acid

20. The Genetic Code
The order of bases in a codon determines an amino acid.
The specific order of amino acids in the amino acid chain will determine the PROTEIN.

21. Codon Video
There are 64 possible codons but only 20 different amino acids.
More than one codon may specify an amino acid.
“STOP” codons specify the end.

22. The 20 Amino Acids

23. Circular Codon Chart
TRY
ISO

24. Rectangular Codon Chart

25. tRNA Transfer RNA or tRNA , carries amino acids to the ribosome.
The tRNA has an anticodon, which is a three nucleotide sequence and is complementary to mRNA codons.

26. tRNA
If the anticodon on the tRNA is a match to the codon on the mRNA, the tRNA drops off the amino acid attached to it.
Amino acids are continuously added for as many codons that the mRNA contains
When the stop codon is reached, the amino acid chain detaches as a finished protein.
Translation - DNA Learning

27. Translation

28. Translation Cont.

29. Translating Rules
mRNA to tRNA
U to A
A to U
C to G
G to C

30. Let’s Practice DNA TAC AAT CCG GCG TAT ACT mRNA
AUG UUA GGC CGC AUA UGA
Amino Acids
Met – Leu – Gly – Arg – Ile – STOP
tRNA
UAC AAU CCG GCG UAU ACU

31. Label the following Pictures as DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation

32. TRANSLATION
DNA REPLICATION
TRANSCRIPTION

33. TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION

34. TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION

35. TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION

36. AMINO ACIDS DNA t-RNA PROTEIN RIBOSOME m-RNA CODON ANTI- CODON
WORD BANK:
*Ribosome *Anti-Codon *Codon *DNA
*Protein * Amino Acids *mRNA *tRNA

37. Clips Practice Transcription and translation animation
Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis (7:07)