1. Campaigns and Elections
Do campaigns matter?

2. U.S. Mid-Term Results 2006 U.S. Mid Term Results
What determined this particular result?

3. What makes a campaign? Aims Actors Issues Methods
“A Permanent Campaign”
How should we assess campaigns?

4. The History of Campaigning
How have campaigns changed?
Why have campaigns changed?
Have campaigns become more effective?
Premodern
Modern
Postmodern
1990-
Campaign
Organisation
Local/Decentralised
Party Volunteers
National Coordination
Professionalisation
Nationally Coordinated but decentralised operation
Preparations
Central Coordination
Short term, ad-hoc, party leaders
Long campaign Party HQ
Advisers
Permanent Campaign and
Campaigning Structure
Feedback
Local party meetings
Occasional polls
Regular polls focus groups and internet
Media
Partisan Press pamphlets
National television
Targeted mail
Internet, Interactive TV
Campaign Events
Local meetings, leader tours
News management
Press Conferences
Extensive News management
Costs
Low
Moderate
High
Electorate
Alignment
Dealignment

5. British General Elections
Party Political Broadcasts
Manifestos: Do you read them?

6. Does Media Matter?

7. Agenda Setting

8. “Prezza!!”

10. Spanish Election 2004
In 2004 the Spanish Peoples’ Party were heading for another election win…

11. Does the Electoral System or the Culture determine the campaign?
German Election
Does the Electoral System or the Culture determine the campaign?

13. Indian Elections

14. How do you win a campaign?
How do you lose a campaign?
Do campaigns vary between systems and countries?
What will shape and determine the 2009/10 campaign?