1. Testing For Macromolecules

2. Lipids

3. Lipids: Structure Lipids are made up of… There is no monomer
Lipids are composed of:
1 molecule of glycerol
3 fatty acids
Phospholipids
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate group

4. Lipids: Structure* Properties of Lipids caused by:
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids
Polar head and nonpolar tail regions (phospholipids)
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

5. Lipids: Function Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure
Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)
Long-term energy storage

6. Lipids: Food Sources
As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids.
Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils, avacados, eggs & nuts.

7. Lipids: Indicator Test
Paper Bag Test:
Smear substance onto paper bag
If see-thru, it contains lipids

8. Proteins

9. Proteins: Structure Proteins are made up of… Monomer (basic unit):
amino acids
20 different kinds!*
Polymer (chain of units): protein
More specifically- polypeptides
dipeptide
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

10. Proteins: Structure* 20 Amino Acids:
Some of these are polar & hydrophilic, others are non-polar and hydrophobic. Proteins can contain both kinds.

11. Proteins: Structure
Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function!

12. Proteins: Function Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Hemoglobin: protein within red blood cells that binds oxygen
Insulin: protein that regulates glucose levels in the blood stream

13. Proteins: Denaturation
Denaturation: the unfolding of a protein that results in loss of function
Causes: extreme pH or temperatures

14. Proteins: Food Sources
Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes, nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.
There are 6 amino acids that our bodies cannot make- we can only get these from food.

15. Proteins: Indicator Test
Biuret’s Solution:
Turns from blue to purple if protein is present

16. Carbohydrates

17. Carbohydrates: Structure
Carbohydrates are made up of…
Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars (or monosaccharides)
Ex.: glucose
Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides covalently
bound together.
Ex: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates (or polysaccharides)
Ex.: starch, cellulose, glycogen

18. Carbohydrates: Function
Provide body with energy!
What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?
Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy
Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy
*We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead.
Ex. : corn
Complex carb (ex. Starch)
Broken down to disaccharides
Broken down further
Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

19. Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.
Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

20. Carbohydrates: Indicator Tests
Simple Sugars:
Benedict’s solution
Blue solution turns orange/green/brown
Complex Carbs:
Lugol’s solution/Iodine
Turns from orange-red-brown to black-purple

21. Nucleic Acids

22. Nucleic Acids: Structure
Nucleic Acids are made up of…
Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides
Nitrogenous Base: A, T/U, C, G
Phosphate group
5-Carbon Sugar:
deoxyribose (DNA)
Ribose (RNA)
Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA

23. Nucleic Acids
DNA vs. RNA

24. Nucleic Acids: Function
Stores and transmits genetic information

25. Nucleic Acids: Food Sources
We get nucleic acid components from vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).

26. Digestion & Reconstruction
When macromolecules are eaten, they are digested and broken down into their subunits (monomers).
Analogy: taking apart an old brick building
Inside the cells, these subunits are reconstructed into the macromolecules we need.
Analogy: using bricks to build a new building

27. Digestion Products Macromolecule eaten: Broken down in stomach to:
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars (i.e. glucose)
Lipids
Fatty acids & glycerol (glycerol further broken down to glucose)
Proteins
Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides