1. Cells, Macromolecules, and Enzymes
Midterm Review 2017
Team Muck: Bio

2. Macromolecules Macromolecule Purpose Monomer Examples Build muscle
Regulate chemical reactions (enzymes)
Amino Acid
meat
milk
eggs
soy
Store energy for immediate use
Monosaccharide
Sugar(glucose)
Bread
Pasta
Complex carbs
Store energy for LONG-TERM use; make up membrane
Fatty Acid
fat
oil
wax
Carry genetic information
Nucleotide
DNA
RNA
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid

3. Testing for Macromolecules
Name of test
What does it test for?
Positive result
Iodine
Complex carbohydrates (_____________)
Dark Purple/Black
Benedicts
Simple Carbs (Glucose)
Biurets
Purple/Violet
Paper Bag Test
Transparent/clear
Sudan IV
Lipids
Starch
Brick-Red/Orange
Proteins
Lipids
Bright Red/Orange and two layers

4. Enzymes and Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions change one substance into another (reactants  products)
Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Activation energy is the amount of energy it takes to start a chemical reaction.

5. Enzymes: Lock-and-Key Model
Active Sites are SPECIFIC and COMPLEMENTARY for their substrates.
This is like a LOCK & KEY
Idea of “1 substrate for 1 enzyme”

6. Enzymes: Induced Fit Model
A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site
Induced by the substrate
Idea that 1 enzyme can have more than 1 substrate. Is still specific for its substrates, but may be more than 1

7. What Affects Enzyme Activity?
Three factors:
1. Environmental Conditions (Temperature, pH)
2. Cofactors (metal ions) and Coenzymes
(vitamins)
3. Enzyme Inhibitors

8. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Nucleus
Linear DNA
Complex
Large
Cell
Membrane No nucleus
Cytoplasm
Circular DNA
Ribosomes
Simple
DNA
Small

9. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
Have their circular DNA located in a region called the nucleoid
Unicellular
Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Have their linear DNA located in the nucleus
Can be multicellular (plants, animals, some fungi) OR unicellular (protists, some fungi)
Larger than prokaryotic cells

10. Animal Cell

11. Plant Cell CELL WALL VACUOLE CHLOROPLAST
The above three features differentiate a PLANT CELL from an ANIMAL CELL