1. Organic Molecules

2. Uses of Organic Molecules
Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year
Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

3. Uses of Organic Molecules
A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA
A typical cow produces over 200 pounds of methane gas each year

4. Carbon-based Molecules
Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

5. Carbon is a Versatile Atom
It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight
Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

6. Hydrocarbons Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms
The simplest carbon compounds …
Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms

7. Carbon can use its bonds to::
Attach to other carbons
Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons

8. The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies
Large Hydrocarbons:
Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars
The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies

9. Giant Molecules - Polymers
Large molecules are called polymers
Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomers
Biologists call them macromolecules

10. Examples of Polymers
Proteins
Lipids
Starch
Nucleic Acids

11. Macromolecules in Organisms
There are four categories of large molecules in cells:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

12. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include:
Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

13. Simple Sugars Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose & fructose
Galactose is called “milk sugar”

14. Starch Starch is an example of a complex sugar in plants
Plant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

15. Test For Carbohydrates
Two Types of Tests:
For Simple Sugars (glucose) you do the Benedicts Test
Postive Test : Add Benedicts and heat. Solution will turn from blue  Yellow/Orange
For Starch you do the Iodine Test
Positive Test: Add Iodine. Solution will turn yellow  black/dark purple.

16. Lipids
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
FAT MOLECULE

17. Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

18. Test For Lipids
To check if a substance contains lipids you do the brown bag test.
Put substance on brown paper bag:
Positive result- bag turns translucent.

19. Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

20. Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport

21. Test For Proteins
To check if a substance contains proteins you do the Biurets Test.
Add Biurets Reagent to solution:
Positive Result: Solution will turn blue  purple.

22. Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteins
Two types exist --- DNA & RNA