1. Transportation & Circulatory System
Biology 30S

2. Human Circulatory System
Blood
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Fluids

3. Functions of Blood 3 Major Functions of Blood are… Transport
Regulation
Protection
What is Blood:

4. Blood Composition Blood consists of 2 main parts… Plasma (55%)
Cells (Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, & Platelets) (45%)

5. Blood Composition Plasma (55%)
Function: contains and carries dissolved material
Composed of:
Amber coloured fluid (92%)
Dissolved materials (8%)
Dissolved Materials
 Antibodies (Infection Fighters)
 Nutrients (Sugar, Amino Acid, Vitamin)
 Proteins (Prothrombin)
 Gases (O2 & Co2)
Salts (Sodium Chloride, Bicarbonate)
 Hormones (Chemical Messengers
 Waste (Urea & Heat)

6. Blood Composition 2. Cells (45%) Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells (RBC) make up most of the cellular part of blood.
White Blood Cells
defenders of the blood circulatory system.
Platelets
involved in clotting (initiate clotting process)

7. RBCs
Red Blood Cells
aka. Erythrocytes (“erythro” meaning red in Greek)
Physical Appearance
Small (~ 8 m in diameter)
Biconcave Disks

8. RBCs No Nucleus Very Numerous 3 – 4 month lifespan
Dead RBCs broken down by liver
New RBCs are produced by bone marrow
Contains hemoglobin (iron rich pigment)

9. RBCs Function Carry O2 and CO2 O2 + Hemoglobin = Oxyhemoglobin
CO2 + Hemoglobin = Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin will also carry Carbon monoxide

10. RBCs Disorder : Anemia Not enough RBCs in the blood Symptoms Fatigue
Listlessness
Increased susceptibility to other diseases
Treatment
Rest
Increased Iron intake

11. RBCs Sickle Cell Anemia
Caused by a Mutant Gene producing defective hemoglobin
Results in RBCs curving like a sickle
Symptoms of anemia due to defective hemoglobin and not enough oxygen being carried to the cells

12. Sickle Cell Anemia
Abnormal cells tend to form clumps and clog smaller blood vessels causing decrease in circulation…
Severe pain in abdomen, back, head, and extremities
Enlargement of heart, atrophy in brain cells
Cells die (hemolyze) easily resulting in severe anemia
Victims tend to suffer early death
Evolutionary Benefits
People who have heterozygous state suffer only slight symptoms, but have a resistance to malaria

13. WBCs White Blood Cells aka. Leukocytes Function
Defend the body against foreign invaders

14. WBCs Have a Nucleus ~1 WBC to every 600 RBCs Physical Appearance
larger than RBCs (~10 µm)
generally round, but can change shape

15. WBCs Disorder : Leukemia Cancer of blood forming organs
Increase in WBCs
Decrease in RBCs, results in Anemia
Immense number of WBCs do not mature
Treatment
Cancer Treatments
Bone marrow transplant

16. WBCs

17. Types of WBCs WBCs Non-granular WBCs (Agranulocytes)
Granular WBCs (Granulocytes)
Non-granular WBCs (Agranulocytes)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

18. WBCs: Granulocytes Granulocytes Formed in bone marrow
Granules in the cytoplasm
Irregular-shaped nuclei
Short-lived

19. WBCs: Granulocytes Neutrophils ~65% of WBCs actively phagocytic
engulfs foreign invaders

20. WBCs: Granulocytes Eosinophils ~ 2-4% of WBCs Destroy foreign proteins
Break up blood clots

21. WBCs: Granulocytes Basophils ~ 0.05% of WBCs Contains Histamine
Initiates swelling
Contains Heparin
Anticoagulant

22. WBCs: Agranulocytes Agranulocytes Produced in lymph tissues
Have no granules
Have round nuclei
Are longer lived than granulocytes
There are 2 kinds of agranulocytes:
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

23. WBCs Lymphocytes Makes up 20-25% of WBCs Two types B-Cells
Forms antibodies
T-Cells
Memory Storage

24. WBCs Monocytes ~3-8% of WBCs Actively phagocytic
Macrophages - can eat up to 100 bacteria at a time

25. Blood Cells

26. (Lymphocyte)
(Lymphocyte)

27. Platelets Smaller than RBCs ~3-7 µm in diameter Contains
Thromboplastin
Serotonin

28. Platelets Disorder : Hemophilia Affects mostly males
Inability to form blood clots
Cause
Genetic
Mutant gene codes for defective protein
Treatment
Injections of missing protein

29. Blood – “Clotting Cascade”
If a blood vessel is damaged…
Platelets are fragile cells, when they hit a part of damaged wall (torn vessel), they break open.
Serotonin (hormone) is released, causing vasoconstriction
Thromboplastin (protein) is released, activating prothrombin (plasma protein).
Prothrombin  Thrombin

30. Blood – “Clotting Cascade”
Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen causing the formation of fibrin (fibers)
Fibrin mesh traps RBCs
Mesh + RBCs = Blood Clot (Thrombus)

31. “Clotting Cascade” Thromboplastin (platelet) + Calcium (plasma)
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin (clot)

32. “Clotting Cascade”

33. Dangers of Blood Clotting
Blood clots prevent the passage of blood
Area tissues do not get oxygen
If occurs in brain  stroke
If occurs in heart vessel  may have heart attack
A dislodged clot in vessel: embolus
May get caught in a vessel in a vital organ, causes embolism (coronary, pulmonary)

34. Stem Cells: Where do all these blood cells come from?
Stem cells form all other blood cells in the body & are found within the bone marrow within your body