1. On a Scale of 0 to 14
pH Notes

2. Recall… Solution= Mixture of 1+ substances
Solute= substance dissolved in the solution
Solvent= substance in which the solute is dissolved

3. Ions in Water Ions = positively or negatively charged particles
Form when certain substances dissolve in a solvent.
Example: Salt dissolving in water becomes
Na+ and Cl-

4. Water Ions H2O = H+ + OH- Water molecules dissociate (break apart)
When the H2O molecule ionizes, two ions form: H+
OH-
Hydroxide ion
H2O = H+ + OH-

5. pH
When the solution has a higher level of H+ than OH-,, an acid is formed
When a solution has a higher level of OH- than H+, a base is formed
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
ie, how many H+ or OH- a solution has

6. Acids
When H+ > OH-
More hydrogen ions than
Hydroxide ions

7. Bases When H+ < OH- Or OH- > H+ More Hydroxide ions than
Hydrogen ions

8. The pH Scale
Scientist have developed a Scale to compare the concentration of H+ ions to OH- Ions in Solution
neutral
STRONG BASE
STRONG BASE

9. The pH Scale The pH scale is based on a factor of 10.
This means that an acid with a pH of 4 is 10 times stronger than one with a pH of 5, while an acid with a pH of 3 is 100 times stronger than a pH of 5.

10. Buffers
Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base