1. The use of distributed real-time simulation in the validation of systems readiness levels
M. H. Syed, E. Guillo-Sansano and G. M. Burt
Institute for Energy and Environment
University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, Scotland
, three statements.

2. Laboratory Interconnection: Prospects
Validation acceleration
Integration of specialist skills
IP protection
Comprehensive characterization
Integration of specialized equipment
Effective Demonstration
Scalability

3. Validation Acceleration
Cluster capability
Dynamic Power
Systems Lab
Optimal protection settings, anti islanding settings: normally soft open points, accelerated debugging before deployment . Satellite enabled integrated energy management for rural wind farms, advanced comms working with companies like cisco… hvdc caithness moray link has been proven. Recently installed. Protection control monitoring cubicles. And rtds.

4. Validation Acceleration
1GW Semi-Aggregated Wind Farm Model
MVDC Grid
Multi-Disciplinary/Multi-Specialization
6 Machine Reduced
Equivalent Model of GB
IP Protection, models do not need to be shared.
In some cases, economically (logistically) efficient

5. Comprehensive Characterization
Lab 1:
Gas turbine & engine control system
Hybrid Electric Aircraft (HEA)
Coupled electrical and mechanical propulsion systems
New concepts, technologies and architectures
Load management in Marine applications
Energy storage (prototype) for short term energy supply
Integrated energy systems
Lab 3: Electrical power system:
Hardware & real time simulation platform
Lab 2:
Optimised energy management platform
We have a track record for using hil validation of propulsion power and protection systems for marine and aircraft . Still continues. Preliminary distributed laboratories. US UK collaboration in defence arena.
Example distributed laboratories for HEA
Source: The ship is a Microgrid, M. Baker,

6. Systems Readiness Level
Technology Readiness Level (TRL) is only valid for appraised functionality of/or a subsystem
Integration Readiness Level (IRL) grades the integration of technology into a system
Increasing TRL, SRL
Source: NASA TRL
Some work undertaken to shape some formalism around experimental testing and now talk about technology being grid ready. Network readiness certificate. Copper birds. Ditributed laboratories can de-risk the process. Minimise cost, delays etc. 6

7. Impact of System Transformation – Great Britain
Generation Mix Source: ETYS 2014
Increased RoCoF
Frequency/Voltage
instability
Controller interaction
Increased sensitivity to load imbalance and harmonics
Reduced fault in feed
Sub-synchronous oscillations and interaction with conventional machines
Smart transformers/ coal free days
Minimum System Inertia
Source: SOF 2015

8. Tackling Grid Transformation
Enhanced Frequency Control Capability
RoCoF triggered, regional, 100% active power < 1 second (target 500 ms)
Web-of-Cells:
Alternative architecture to support increased decentralization and distributed operation.
Increased scalability?
How does distributed lab paradigm support scalability.

9. Network of Excellence for Smart Grids
Over thirty institutes from Europe and U.S. performing research related to Smart Grids (SG) integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Accredited testing of DER-units and SG-equipment
Support of SG development and integration of Renewable Energies
Information and knowledge exchange
Contribution to standardisation activities
©DERlab 2017
December 4, 2018

10. Enabling Distributed Laboratory Experiments
Distance: 21 km

11. Distributed RT Challenges
Analogous challenges to PHIL simulations:
Stability: system characteristics and interface
Accuracy: time delay
Initialization: subsystem inter-dependency

12. Addressing the Challenges
Characterization of the delay
Contrary to widely deployed fixed deterministic delay, P-HIL delay is variable
Accurate compensation requires accurate characterization
Impacts stability
E. Guillo-Sansano, M. H. Syed, A. J. Roscoe and G. M. Burt, “Time Delay Characterization for the Improvement of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations”, submitted to IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics.

13. Addressing the Challenges
Advanced time delay compensation technique
Not only accuracy but also stability
Guillo Sansano, E, Roscoe, AJ & Burt, GM 2015, Harmonic-by-harmonic time delay compensation Method for PHIL simulation of low impedance power systems. in Proceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Smart Electric Distribution Systems and Technologies (EDST). Vienna, Austria, 2015.

14. Addressing the Challenges
Method for initialization and synchronization for large scale systems.
E. Guillo-Sansano, M. H. Syed, A. J. Roscoe and G. M. Burt, “Initialization and Synchronization of Power Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulations: A Great Britain Network Case Study”, Energies 2018, 11, 1087.

15. Milestones in Distributed Laboratory Couplings
Limitations of the approach in terms of capturing dynamics? 01
Concept formulated 02
Fidelity Studies
RMS vs phasor 04 05 01 02 03 03
Development of interfaces
External phasor decomposition
Development of frameworks 04
Geographically dispersed PHIL
VILLAS 05
Demonstrations
Trans-oceanic US-Australia
Germany, Italy, Netherlands

16. Applicability for Frequency Control
Inherent Delay (D1) of the setup:
DPSL-PNDC ~8ms
PNDC to DPSL ~7.5ms
Additional delay
D2= D1+8ms (each way)
D3=D1+16ms (each way)
Event: Load step (1GW) in LFC 4
Parameters to observe
Average system frequency
Average rate of change of frequency of the system
Active and reactive power at interface

17. Applicability for Frequency Control Studies - Fidelity
2-norm error=1.18%

18. Applicability for Frequency Control- Responsibilising PFC
A decentralized control
Event detection within ms
Syed, MH, Guillo-Sansano, E, Blair, SM, Roscoe, AJ & Burt, GM 2018, 'A novel decentralized responsibilizing primary frequency control' IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol 33, no. 3, pp

19. Applicability for Fault Analysis
Event: 100 ms three phase fault at bus 4
Same delays as before, D1, D2 and D3
Parameters to observe
Interface Current
Total Fault Current

20. Resilient Wide-Area Backup Protection
PMU-based wide-area backup protection
Scalable through decentralized approach
Distributed simulation enables comprehensive validation at full scale
Blair, SM, Burt, GM, Lof, A, Hänninen, S, Kedra, B, Kosmecki, M, Merino, J, Belloni, FR, Pala, D, Valov, M, Lüers, B & Temiz, A 2017, 'Minimising the impact of disturbances in future highly-distributed power systems' Paper presented at 2017 CIGRE B5 Colloquium, Auckland, New Zealand, 2017.

21. Conclusions
Distributed real-time simulation offers the promise of a number of discrete benefits.
Complexity of problems being tackled within HIL environment is increasing.
More rigorous understanding of the errors in distributed simulations is required and mitigating measures are being experimentally investigated.