1. Chapter 8 Section 3 – John Adams Presidency

2. What is Cause and effect?
Determining Cause and Effect is a strategy to find a causal relationship between or among events, conditions, or behaviors.
This strategy gives reasons and explanations for events, conditions, or behaviors.
Ask what happened and why?

3. Questions to Ask
What was the immediate action that triggered the event?
What was the background leading up to the event?
Who were the people involved?

4. 1. Find the main Idea Look at paragraph heading, and bold terms.
Ask who, what, where, when, or why?
What caused this main idea?
What happened as a result of this idea?

5. 2. Be alert to clues
Certain words and phrases are clues to the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship.

6. Clue Word and Phrases Cause Effect as a result of because
brought about
inspired
led to
produced
provoked
spurred
the reason
aftermath
as a consequence
depended on
gave rise to
originating from
outcome
outgrowth
proceeded from
resulting in

7. 2. Identify the relationship
Read carefully to identify how events are related. Writers do not always state the link between cause and effect. Sometimes a reader must judge the cause or the effect.

8. 3. Check for complex connections.
Beyond the immediate or superficial cause and effect, check for other, less obvious, more complex connections.
Note, for instance, whether there were other causes of a given effect, whether a cause had multiple effects, and whether these effects themselves caused further events.

9. The need for a stronger government is seen.
Example
Cause
States cannot pay Revolutionary War debts so they claim Pennsylvanian farmer’s lands
Main Idea
Shays Rebellion
Effect
The need for a stronger government is seen.

10. John Adams’s Presidency

11. Served two terms as Vice President
Steps to Presidency
Elected President
Served two terms as Vice President
Ambassador to France and Britain, Negotiated the Treaty of Paris

12. 1 Cause Problem/Event Effect
The French saw Jay’s Treaty as America’s attempt to help the British with their war against France.
Adams inherited problems with France.
 French seized American ships sending cargo to Britain.

13. 2 Cause Problem/Event Effect
XYZ Affair – Adams is angered by the actions of three French agents known as X,Y,and Z.
Charles de Talleyrand refuses to meet American agents and asks for bribe and loan from America.
U.S. prepares for undeclared war with France by establishing the Navy Department and increasing the size of the Army.

14. 3 Cause Problem/Event Effect
Americans more suspicious of aliens or immigrants.
Congress saw need to pass laws to protect the nation’s security.
Alien and Sedition Acts passed.

15. Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Act
Sedition Act
Laws aimed at aliens – people living in the country who were not citizens
Required immigrants to wait 14 years before becoming a citizen
Allowed for deportation without trial
Made it a federal crime to say or print anything against the federal government

18. 4 Cause Problem/Event Effect
Americans feared a strong national government and Republicans tried to preserve the people’s liberty.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions are passed – claimed that Alien and Sedition Act were unconstitutional.
States reaffirmed rights.

19. 5 Cause Problem/Event Effect Adams is urged to go to war with France.
In 1800 French signed a treaty and stopped attacking American ships.
Adams is not re-elected.