1. R1-R9 Review In the Back of your Book!!!
MAP PROJECTIONS

2. THE LAW OF MAPS You cannot unfold a GLOBE equally!!!
There will always be some degree of distortion!!!
Types of Distortion: Shape , Size (Area), Distance, or Direction

3. For each of the following Map Projections consider…
What does this map look like?
Why is this Map type useful or valuable?
Why is this Map distorted or flawed?

4. Mercator Projection
What country is located at the Prime Meridian? (90 longitude)?
What are the advantages? Why is it useful? Best type for Marine NAVIGATION because DIRECTION is true! Most accurate at the equator.
What are the disadvantages and distortions? Extreme distortion of SHAPE and SIZE/AREA closer to the poles. Favor’s Colonial powers by making U.K 0 longitude

5. Robinson Projection
What are the advantages? Why is it useful? Distortion at the poles is not as extreme as mercator. Size of Russia, Canada, and Greenland more accurate than Mercator. May replace Mercator as a classroom resource.
What are the disadvantages and distortions? Distortion in all areas (Direction is more likely to be distorted than Mercator (especially in east or western edges), but distortion in size/shape not as extreme as Mercator?)

6. Fuller/Dymaxion Projection
What are the advantages? Why is it useful? Shape and relative size of countries is more accurate than both Robinson and Mercator.
What are the disadvantages and distortions? Challenging to evaluate direction and distance. Could not be used for sea navigation

7. Azimuthal Projection
What are the advantages? Why is it useful? Like Mercator direction is accurate, which makes it useful when navigating polar regions which would be impossible to accurately see in a mercator map.
What are the disadvantages and distortions? Distorts shape and area near edges due to perspective, but directions are true

8. Contour Lines Used on topographical maps Lines to indicate elevation
Areas where contour lines are placed close together are steep slopes. Here, the South side of Mount Joy is a very steep slope.

9. DOT MAP
Dot density maps have been popular for 150 years because they are easy to understand and, at a glance, show us intuitively where things clump or cluster.
Must use a map projection that doesn’t distort size of a country…
using a map projection which does not preserve the size of areas will distort the perceived density of the dots.
big advantages of dot density maps over choropleth maps: (1) on a dot density map you can map raw data / simple counts (e.g., number of farms) or rates and ratios (e.g., number of farms per sq kilometer)
they're terrible for retrieving rates or numbers from the map. For example, few people will have the time or interest in counting hundreds (or thousands) or dots in order to know the precise number

10. Isoline Map Useful for climate maps!
For instance, Meteorologists use isolines to quickly show temperature or wind differences on a map.
The hottest areas are often colored red, the warm areas yellow, and the cold areas blue.
they connect points of equal value
Isolines are effective because they very quickly communicate the distributions being examined.
Requires some interpretation, subjective (do you really think every SINGLE place in light blue has the exact same wind values.

11. Choropleth Map
A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density
Best for RATIOS (rate per one thousand people) or percentages.
Hard to see change in colors/data in smaller more populated regions. If there are too many shades it is hard to distinguish.

12. Choropleth Map
Its easier when the chloropleth represents only two ratios.

13. Cartogram Map
What do you notice?

14. World Map of Political Borders

15. Cartogram Map – World Population
Borders/Area distorted to show data

16. Cartogram Map Transforms Space (of political unit)
Borders/Area distorted to show data
Greatest value for some type of data becomes largest mass of area

17. Cartogram Map Challenge
Challenge… regarding India and China there population is so large that it can scew data. Ex) Literacy rates. The Literacy rate in india is only 61% compared to above 90% in more developed countries. Yet, because india has such a large population the cartogram looks like they are the most literate country.

18. Cartogram Article Cartogram Project www.worldmapper.org

19. What is scale?
ratio between distances portrayed on a map and actual distances on the earth's surface
Large Scale- Map that presents smaller space (Ex. City Map)
Small Scale- Map that presents larger space (Ex. World Map)

20. Map Overview
A map which transforms the bordered physical space of any country into space reflecting some data element, distorting the physical borders is called a this kind of a map.
a) a cognitive map
b) a Mercator projection
c) a cartogram
d) an isoline map
e) a treasure map

21. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Global Positioning System (GPS)

22. Geographic Information Systems- A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographically referenced data in layers

23. Park Safety for Children

24. Food Desert GIS: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/IL-FoodDeserts-2011.pdf
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25. Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing - technology used to create maps, without having to physically touch the territory being described.
Often deployed from a plane or satellite.
Can be used to help develop and inform GPS